Which of the following is not a result of atmospheric refraction?

The sun appearing red at sunset (B) is not a result of atmospheric refraction. This phenomenon is caused by the scattering of light. When the sun is low on the horizon during sunset, its light has to travel through a greater thickness of the Earth’s atmosphere compared to when it is overhead. The atmosphere scatters shorter wavelengths of light (blue and violet) more effectively, causing them to be dispersed in different directions and largely removed from the direct path to the observer. The longer wavelengths (red and orange) are less scattered and remain in the direct line of sight, making the sun appear red. Atmospheric refraction, on the other hand, is responsible for phenomena like the sun appearing higher in the sky than its actual position, the sun appearing before its actual rise, and the twinkling of stars at night due to the bending of light as it passes through layers of the Earth’s atmosphere with varying densities.