Which of the following concepts is not shared by the Vedic, Buddhist, and Jain schools of thought?

One concept that is not shared by the Vedic, Buddhist, and Jain schools of thought is the idea of a permanent soul (Ātman). In Vedic philosophy, particularly in Hinduism, the concept of Ātman refers to the eternal self or soul. In contrast, Buddhism rejects the notion of a permanent self, teaching the doctrine of Anatta, or non-self, which posits that there is no unchanging, permanent essence in beings. Jainism, while acknowledging the existence of individual souls, emphasizes the concept of soul as distinct and eternal, making this idea a point of divergence among the three traditions.