What were the factors for reduction of area available for grazing for the pastoralists? What were the effect of reduction in grazing land?

(a) The factors were as given below: (i) The colonial state wanted to transform all grazing lands to increase its revenues.
(ii)) To produce more jute, cotton wheat and other agricultural produce for England.
(iii) Uncultivated land was considered as unproductive or waste land.
(iv) According to a Royal commission on agricultural, the factors were increasing population, extension of irrigation facilities, acquisition of pastures for government purposes such as define and industries.
(b) Effects of reduction in grazing lands were as follows:
(i) As the land was given to individuals for expansion cultivation, it became difficult for the pastoralists to raise large herds in the absence of pastures.
(ii) Their (pastoralists) earning went down.
(iii) The quality of their livestock deteriorated.
(iv) Dietary standards fell and underfed cattle died in large numbers.
(v) Indebtedness increased.