What is the direction of energy flow in an ecosystem?

The direction of energy flow in an ecosystem is unidirectional, moving through various trophic levels in a sequential manner. It begins with the input of solar energy, which is captured by primary producers, such as plants, through photosynthesis. These primary producers convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in organic compounds. Herbivores then consume these plants, transferring a portion of this energy to the next trophic level. Carnivores, in turn, consume herbivores, and the energy continues to flow through successive trophic levels. Decomposers break down organic matter, releasing energy back into the ecosystem and completing the cycle. Throughout this process, energy is used for metabolism, growth, and life processes, and a significant portion is lost as heat at each trophic level, leading to a decrease in the total energy available at higher trophic levels. The unidirectional flow of energy is a fundamental principle in ecology, emphasizing the interconnectedness of organisms within an ecosystem.