The ability of transition metals to adopt multiple oxidation states and form complexes underlies their catalytic activity. Examples include vanadium(V) oxide in the Contact Process, finely divided iron in Haber’s Process, and nickel in Catalytic Hydrogenation.
What attributes of transition metals contribute to their catalytic activity, and how do examples like vanadium(V) oxide, finely divided iron, and nickel exemplify this phenomenon?
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The catalytic activity of transition metals stems from their variable oxidation states, ability to form complexes, and surface reactivity. Vanadium(V) oxide acts as a catalyst in reactions like the contact process due to its capability to transition between V(V) and V(IV). Finely divided iron catalyzes the Haber process by facilitating the nitrogen and hydrogen reaction. Nickel, widely used in hydrogenation reactions, showcases catalytic versatility through its ability to adsorb and activate hydrogen. In all cases, the transition metals’ capacity to change oxidation states, form complexes, and interact with reactants on their surfaces exemplify their catalytic prowess in diverse industrial and chemical processes.