These two terms come from the highlighted glossary boxes placed alongside the pictures of historical sources in the chapter (Figures 1.6 to 1.9). Epigraphic sources are inscriptions on hard, durable surfaces like stone or metal, while Numismatic sources refer to old coins and currency. Both are treated as primary evidence historians rely on to reconstruct facts about rulers, administration, trade, and culture. When answering, define each term precisely and support it with the exact example given in the textbook for full marks.
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An Epigraphic Source is a historical source consisting of texts, decrees, or records inscribed on durable materials such as stone, metal plates, or rock surfaces, providing direct evidence about past events, rulers, administration, and society (e.g., the Brahmi inscription from the Gupta period).
A Numismatic Source is a historical source comprising coins, currency, or medals, which helps historians study the economy, chronology, rulers, trade, and culture of a civilisation (e.g., a coin issued by King Samudragupta).
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