There are many similarities in the way in which the modern world forced changes in the lives of pastoral communities in India and East Africa. Write about any two example of changes which were similar for Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders.

Two examples of changes similar for Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders are as follows:
(i) Loss of grazing land and expansion of cultivation: The colonial government in India wanted to transform all grazing land into cultivated farms to increase its revenue. Waste Land Rules were enacted in various parts of the country. By these Rules uncultivated lands were taken over and given to select individuals. The lands taken, over were actually grazing tracts. So, the expansion of cultivation meant the decline of pastures.
In East Africa also, the colonial government encouraged local peasant communities to expand cultivation. As cultivation expanded, pasture lands were turned into cultivated fields
(ii) Reservation of land/forests: Various Forest Acts were passed. Some forests which produced commercially valuable timber like deodar or sal were deciares, Reserved’. No pastoralist was allowed access to these forests. In protected forests, some customary grazing rights were granted but their movements were severely restricted.
on the other hand in East Africa, large areas of grazing land were turned. into game reserves like the Maasai Mara and Samburu National Park in Kenya and Serengeti park in Tanzania’ Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves. They could neither hunt animals nor graze their herds in these areas. These reserves were in areas that had tradition- ally been regular grazing grounds for Maasai herds.