Equivalent refers to something that is equal in value, function, or meaning. It can be used in various contexts, such as in mathematics, where two quantities are considered equivalent if they have the same value or effect. In chemistry, it indicates the relationship between different substances that can replace each other.
Class 11 Physics Chapter 10 Thermal Properties of Matter deals with the effects of heat on matter. It covers concepts like temperature heat capacity thermal expansion specific heat and the laws of thermodynamics. The chapter also explains conduction convection and radiation with examples and applications of these principles in everyday life and technology.
Joule’s Law of Equivalence between Work and Heat: It states that the amount of heat produced in a conductor due to an electric current is directly proportional to the square of the current (I), the resistance (R) of the conductor, and the time (t) for which the current flows. It can be represented mathematically as:
Q = I²Rt
This law also implies that work and heat are interchangeable, in other words, work done on a system can be converted into heat, and vice-versa.
### Mechanical Equivalent of Heat:
The **mechanical equivalent of heat** is the amount of mechanical work that has to be expended to produce a unit of heat. It is a measure of the relationship between mechanical energy (work) and thermal energy (heat). The most common unit used to express this is **Joules per calorie**.
It is defined as the amount of work (in Joules) required to produce 1 calorie of heat. The mechanical equivalent of heat is approximately:
1 calorie = 4.18 Joules
It means that to produce 1 calorie of heat, 4.18 Joules of mechanical work is required. This establishes the equivalence between mechanical energy and heat energy.
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