In solids interatomic forces are
Forces are interactions that cause an object to accelerate, change direction, or deform. They can be classified as contact forces (e.g., friction, tension) and non-contact forces (e.g., gravity, magnetism). Forces are measured in newtons (N) and are described by Newton’s laws of motion, governing their behavior and effects.
Chapter 8 of Class 11 Physics covers mechanical properties of solids including stress strain relationships Young’s modulus bulk modulus and shear modulus. The chapter explores elastic behavior and Hooke’s law along with factors affecting elasticity. It also discusses applications of these properties in real-world scenarios such as material selection and engineering design emphasizing the significance of understanding solid mechanics in practical situations.
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In solids, the interatomic forces are **both attractive and repulsive**. The atoms or molecules in a solid are held together by attractive forces such as covalent, ionic, or metallic bonds; however, as atoms approach closer, repulsive forces begin acting due to the electron cloud interactions.
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