How does carbon exhibit versatility in bonding by forming compounds not only with hydrogen but also with other elements, and what are the elements mentioned?

Carbon exhibits versatility in bonding by forming compounds with various elements, expanding beyond hydrogen. It forms bonds with halogens (e.g., chlorine), oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. In a hydrocarbon chain, carbon-hydrogen bonds can be replaced by these elements, creating heteroatoms. The resulting compounds, known as functional groups, contribute distinct properties. The mentioned elements contribute to the diversity of carbon compounds, allowing for the creation of organic molecules with unique functionalities. This ability to bond with diverse elements enhances carbon’s significance in the vast array of organic compounds found in living organisms and various industrial applications.