Diazonium salts are versatile intermediates for introducing substituents like -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CN, -OH, -NO₂ into the aromatic ring through electrophilic substitution reactions, enabling the synthesis of substituted aromatic compounds that may not be directly prepared by other methods.
How do diazonium salts serve as intermediates for introducing various substituents (-F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CN, -OH, -NO₂) into the aromatic ring?
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Diazonium salts serve as intermediates for introducing various substituents into the aromatic ring through nucleophilic substitution reactions. In these reactions, the diazonium salt reacts with nucleophiles (e.g., F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻, CN⁻, OH⁻, NO₂⁻), leading to the replacement of the diazo group. The nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbon of the diazonium ion, resulting in the introduction of the desired substituent. The type of substituent introduced depends on the nature of the nucleophile used. These reactions provide a versatile and controlled method for functionalizing aromatic compounds, allowing for the synthesis of a wide range of organic derivatives.