Scientists conducted various experiments and proposed theoretical models to elucidate the arrangement of protons and electrons within atoms, leading to the development of atomic models such as the Bohr model and later the quantum mechanical model.
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Scientists employed various experimental techniques, including cathode ray tube experiments, gold foil experiments, and spectroscopy, to determine the structure of atoms. These experiments led to the development of models such as the plum pudding model and the nuclear model, eventually leading to the modern understanding of atomic structure.