Give a brief description of major pastoral communities of Up, Punjab and Rajasthan.

The major pastoral communities of Uttar Pradesh. Punjab and Rajasthan are Banjaras and Raikas. Their description is given below:
(a) Banjaras: (i) Banjaras were well-known group of graziers.
(ii) They were found in the village of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
(iii) In Search of good pastureland for their cattle, they moved over long distance, selling plough cattle and other goods to villagers in exchange of grain and folder.
(b) Raikas:- (i) They lived in Rajasthan
(ii) As the rain was meagre and uncertain, the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism.
(iii) During the monsoon, the Raikas of Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Bikaner remained in their home villages where pasture was available.
(iv) After monsoon they moved to other places in search of pasture and returned again during the next monsoon.
(v) There were groups of Raikas-one Maru (desert) Raikas who herded camels and the other group reared sheep and goat.