Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. It determines the direction of heat flow, with heat moving from higher to lower temperatures. Temperature is measured in Celsius, Kelvin, or Fahrenheit scales and plays a crucial role in thermodynamics and phase changes.

Class 11 Physics Chapter 10 Thermal Properties of Matter explores the nature of heat energy and its transfer. It covers concepts like temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat, latent heat, and the laws of thermodynamics. The chapter explains the relationship between temperature and energy radiation using Stefan-Boltzmann law and Wien’s displacement law.