Mild reducing agents like hypophosphorous acid or ethanol reduce diazonium salts to arenes while being oxidized to phosphorous acid and ethanal, respectively.
Explain how certain mild reducing agents reduce diazonium salts, and provide examples of the resulting products and oxidized forms of the reducing agents.
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Mild reducing agents like sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃) or hydroxylamine (NH₂OH) reduce diazonium salts to produce aromatic amines. For example, benzenediazonium chloride can be reduced by sodium sulfite to form aniline. In this process, the diazo group is replaced by a hydrogen atom. The oxidized forms of these reducing agents are sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O), respectively. The reduction of diazonium salts with mild agents provides a controlled method for the synthesis of aromatic amines without the harsh conditions associated with stronger reducing agents.