Does pure water conduct electricity? If not, what can we do to make it conducting?

Pure water, by itself, exhibits poor conductivity in terms of electricity due to its limited concentration of ions or charged particles necessary for electrical conduction. However, it does contain a small number of ions originating from the self-ionization of water molecules into positively charged hydrogen ions (H+) and negatively charged hydroxide ions (OH-).

The conductivity of pure water is notably lower compared to solutions containing higher ion concentrations, such as saltwater or solutions of acids and bases. To augment the conductivity of pure water and enhance its ability to conduct electricity, several approaches can be adopted:

1. Introduction of Electrolytes: Incorporating substances that dissociate into ions when dissolved in water can elevate its conductivity. For instance, adding soluble salts like sodium chloride (table salt), acids, bases, or other soluble compounds with ion-forming properties can heighten the concentration of ions within the water, thus boosting its capacity to conduct electricity.

2. Formation of an Electrolyte Solution: Blending pure water with substances serving as electrolytes can create a conductive solution. These substances should dissociate into ions in water, thereby facilitating the flow of electric current. The creation of solutions such as saltwater or diluted acidic/basic solutions significantly amplifies the water’s conductivity.

3. Application of an Electric Field: Employing an external electric field, termed electrodialysis or electrochemistry, can induce ion movement within the water and subsequently enhance its conductivity. This method involves the use of electrodes to establish an electric potential across the water, prompting ion migration and elevating its ability to conduct electricity.

In essence, while pure water demonstrates limited conductivity due to its low ion concentration, the addition of substances that dissociate into ions, formulation of electrolyte solutions, or application of an external electric field can substantially augment its conductivity, allowing the transmission of electric current.