Distinguish between ‘coming together and holding together type of federations.

There are two routes that have been adopted for formation of federations in the world:
(i) ‘Coming together’ federations: (a) These types of federations are formed by independent states which come together on their own to form federation. (b) Their object is to form a bigger unit, so that by pooling sovereignty and retaining their identity they can increase their security. (c) The example of this ‘coming together’ federations are the USA, Switzerland and
Australia. (d) Under this type of federation, all the constituent states and the federal government usually have equal powers.
(ii) ‘Holding together’ federations: (a) Under such federations, in a large country the power is divided between the constituent states and the national government. (b) The examples are India, Spain and Belgium. (c) In these federations, the national or central government is powerful than the states or provinces as in India (d) Some states as in India (North-Eastern
States and Jammu and Kashmir) are even granted special powers.