Differentiate between: (a) Hypocotyl and epicotyl; (b) Coleoptile and coleorrhiza; (c) Integument and testa; (d) Perisperm and pericarp.

(a) Hypocotyl and epicotyl:-
Hypocotyl:-
1. The portion of the embryonal axis which lies below the cotyledon in a dicot embryo is known as the hypocotyl.
2. It terminates with the radicle.
Epicotyl:-
1. The portion of the embryonal axis which lies above the cotyledon in a dicot embryo is known as the epicotyl.
2. It terminates with the plumule.

(b) Coleoptile and coleorrhiza;:-
Coleoptile:-It is a conical protective sheath that encloses the plumule in a monocot seed.
Coleorrhiza:- It is an undifferentiated sheath that encloses the radicle and the root cap in a monocot seed.

(c) Integument and testa;:-
Integument:-It is the outermost covering of an ovule. It provides protection to it.
Testa:- It is the outermost covering of a seed.

(d) Perisperm and pericarp:-
Perisperm:- It is the residual nucellus which persists. It is present in some seeds such as beet and black pepper.
Pericarp:- It is the ripened wall of a fruit, which develops from the wall of an ovary.

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