According to Valence Bond Theory (VBT) and Crystal Field Theory (CFT), how do metal atoms or ions form hybridized orbitals for bonding in coordination compounds?

In Valence Bond Theory (VBT) and Crystal Field Theory (CFT), metal atoms or ions in coordination compounds form hybridized orbitals through a process called hybridization. In VBT, the metal atom/ion undergoes hybridization of its valence orbitals (ns, np, nd) to yield a set of equivalent orbitals with defined geometry (e.g., octahedral, tetrahedral). CFT, on the other hand, focuses on the electrostatic interactions between metal ions and ligands, leading to the splitting of d orbitals. These hybridized orbitals, derived from metal valence orbitals or modified d orbitals, overlap with ligand orbitals, facilitating the formation of coordination bonds in specific geometries.