(a) Figure 9.35 shows a cross-section of a ‘light pipe’ made of a glass fibre of refractive index 1.68. The outer covering of the pipe is made of a material of refractive index 1.44. What is the range of the angles of the incident rays with the axis of the pipe for which total reflections inside the pipe take place, as shown in the figure. (b) What is the answer if there is no outer covering of the pipe?

(a) Refractive index of the glass fibre, μ₁ = 1.68

Refractive index of the outer covering of the pipe, μ₂ = 1.44

Angle of incidence = i

Angle of refraction = r

Angle of incidence at the interface = i’

The refractive index (μ) of the inner core – outer core interface is given as:

μ =μ₂/μ₁= 1/ sini’

sin i’ = μ₁/μ₂ = 1.44/1.68 = 0.8571

Therefore, i’= 59°

For the critical angle, total internal reflection (TIR) takes place only when i > i’ ,

i.e., i > 59º 

Maximum angle of reflection,

r_max = 90º – i’ = 90º – 59º = 31º

Let , i_max  be the maximum angle of incidence.

The refractive index at the air – glass interface, μ₁= 1.68

We have the relation for the maximum angles of incidence and reflection as:

μ₁ = sin i_max/ sin r_max

sin i_{max =}  μ₁ sin r_max

= I.68 sin31°

= 1.68×0.5150 = 0.8652

Therefore, i_max = sin⁻¹ 0.8652 ≈ 60°

Thus, all the rays incident at angles lying in the range 0 < i < 60° will suffer total internal reflection.

Ans (b).

If the outer covering of the pipe is not present, then:

Refractive index of the outer pipe, μ₁ = Refractive index of air = 1

For the angle of incidence i = 90°,

We can write Snell’s law at the air – pipe interface as:

sini/sin r = μ2 = 1.68

sin r = sin 90° /1.68 = 1/1.68

r = sin⁻¹ (0.5952)

= 36.5°

Therefore, i’ = 90° – 36.5° = 53.5°

Since i’ > r, all incident rays will suffer total internal reflection.