Asexual reproduction involves the creation of offspring without the fusion of gametes. It produces genetically identical or nearly identical copies of the parent organism, commonly observed in bacteria, plants, and some animals.
Certain specialised cells in animals called stem cells have the ability to divide and differentiate into different cell types. This helps in the replacement of a damaged organ. Name and explain two methods of asexual reproduction that are similar to stem cells and occur mostly in multicellular organisms. (b) Identify TWO pairs of reproductive organs in males and females that are functionally similar to each other. Justify.
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(a) Budding:
Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on the parent organism. The bud grows into a mature individual, eventually detaching from the parent. This process is similar to stem cells in the sense that a specialized structure (bud or stem cell) has the potential to develop into a complete, functional organism or cell type.
Regeneration:
Regeneration is the ability of an organism to regrow lost or damaged body parts. In multicellular organisms, certain cells, often referred to as regenerative cells, have the ability to divide and differentiate to replace damaged tissues. This process is akin to the ability of stem cells to differentiate into various cell types for the regeneration and repair of tissues.
(b)
Testes and Ovaries:
Justification: The testes in males and ovaries in females are both reproductive organs responsible for producing gametes (sperm and eggs, respectively). They are functionally similar as they are involved in the process of gametogenesis. Additionally, both organs produce hormones (testosterone in males and estrogen/progesterone in females) that play crucial roles in the development and maintenance of reproductive structures and secondary sexual characteristics.
Penis and Clitoris:
Justification: The penis in males and the clitoris in females are homologous structures derived from the same embryonic tissue. Both structures are involved in sexual arousal and contribute to the reproductive process. They contain erectile tissues and are sensitive to stimulation. While the functions are not identical, they share a common embryonic origin and have analogous roles in sexual response.