Chromosomes are thread-like structures in cells containing DNA. They carry genetic information, determining an organism’s traits. Humans have 23 pairs, with one set inherited from each parent.
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The pancreas is an organ in the digestive and endocrine systems. It produces digestive enzymes for breaking down food in the small intestine and releases insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar.
Veins are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They have thinner walls than arteries and often contain valves to prevent blood from flowing backward.
Lenses refract light, converging (convex) or diverging (concave) based on shape. They produce real or virtual images, affecting magnification and focus. Commonly used in cameras, eyeglasses, and microscopes.
A concave mirror curves inward and reflects light. It converges parallel rays to a focal point, enabling real or virtual image formation. Used in applications like makeup mirrors and telescopes.