The ancient Indian text recognized by UNESCO for its oral and intangible heritage is the “Vedas.” These foundational scriptures of Hinduism, consisting of four main texts—Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda—are composed of hymns, rituals, and philosophical teachings. Their oral transmission ...
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The primary focus of the Upanishads is the exploration of spiritual knowledge and the nature of ultimate reality, specifically concepts like Brahman (the universal soul) and Ātman (the individual soul). These ancient texts emphasize self-realization, meditation, and the relationship between ...
The decline of the Harappan cities is attributed to several interrelated factors, including climatic changes and environmental degradation. A significant shift towards arid conditions around 2000 BCE led to decreased monsoon rains, resulting in droughts that impacted agriculture and water ...
The animal frequently depicted on Harappan seals is the unicorn, which is often shown as a single-horned creature resembling a bull or a horse. These seals feature intricate carvings that portray the unicorn in various poses, sometimes alongside other animals ...
The Harappans practiced advanced agriculture, utilizing techniques such as irrigation and crop rotation to enhance productivity. They cultivated a variety of crops, including wheat, barley, peas, and cotton, indicating a well-established agricultural system. The presence of granaries in urban centers ...
The metal predominantly used by the Harappans for making tools and ornaments was copper. This metal was favored for its malleability and durability, allowing artisans to create a variety of functional and decorative items, including tools, weapons, and jewelry. The ...
The term “Indus Valley Civilization” is considered outdated because it inaccurately suggests that the civilization was confined solely to the Indus River Valley, overlooking its broader geographical expanse. The civilization also included significant regions around the Sarasvatī River and other ...
The Harappan script is considered to be undeciphered, which means that its symbols and characters have not yet been translated or fully understood by scholars. This script appears on various seals, pottery, and other artifacts, consisting of a combination of ...
A prominent feature of the Harappan civilization that reflects their concern for public health and hygiene is the advanced drainage system found in their cities. Streets were equipped with covered drains that efficiently removed waste and stormwater, preventing the accumulation ...
Pottery was a highly developed craft in the Indus-Sarasvatī Civilization, showcasing advanced techniques and artistic skills. The pottery produced included a variety of styles, with notable features such as intricate designs, geometric patterns, and vibrant colors, often painted with natural ...