Heat is a form of energy transferred between objects due to a temperature difference. It flows from hotter to cooler objects until thermal equilibrium is reached. Measured in joules or calories, heat affects states of matter, temperature and molecular motion, ...

Thermal properties of matter refer to the characteristics that describe how substances respond to heat. These include thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity. Understanding these properties is essential for analyzing heat transfer processes, phase changes, and the behavior ...