Evidence suggesting that the Indus-Sarasvatī Civilization engaged in long-distance trade includes the discovery of seals inscribed with symbols and animals, which have been found in distant locations such as Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf. Additionally, artifacts like pottery, gemstones, and ...
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The region where the Indus-Sarasvatī Civilization flourished primarily spans parts of modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. Major sites of this ancient civilization, such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, are located in present-day Pakistan, while regions of the Sarasvatī River basin extend ...
A significant climatic event believed to have contributed to the decline of the Indus-Sarasvatī Civilization is the aridification or climate change that occurred around 2000 BCE. This shift led to a reduction in monsoon rains, causing rivers like the Sarasvatī ...
The Harappans managed their water resources through sophisticated engineering and urban planning techniques. They constructed an extensive network of drainage systems, including covered drains along the streets, which efficiently carried wastewater away from homes and public areas. Additionally, they built ...
The primary material used in the construction of Harappan buildings was baked bricks. These bricks were made from clay, molded, and then fired in kilns to achieve durability and strength. The use of standardized baked bricks allowed for uniformity in ...
The town-planning of Harappan cities is best described as highly organized and systematic, characterized by a grid layout, well-defined streets, and advanced drainage systems. Streets were often laid out in a north-south and east-west orientation, with buildings made from standardized ...
The Harappan site known for its large dockyard is Lothal, located in the modern state of Gujarat, India. Dating back to around 2400 BCE, Lothal features a well-constructed dockyard that facilitated maritime trade and commerce with other civilizations, including Mesopotamia. ...
One characteristic that was NOT associated with the Indus-Sarasvatī Civilization is the construction of monumental pyramids. Unlike the civilizations of Egypt and Mesoamerica, the Indus Valley Civilization is known for its well-planned cities, advanced drainage systems, and uniform weights and ...
The term used for the fortified area in Harappan cities is “Citadel.” The citadel was a raised platform that housed important structures, including granaries, public baths, and administrative buildings, serving both a religious and protective function. Its strategic elevation and ...
The river central to the development of the Indus-Sarasvatī Civilization is the Sarasvatī River, alongside the Indus River. The Sarasvatī, which is believed to have flowed through northwestern India, played a crucial role in sustaining agriculture and trade in the ...