The Harappans had advanced systems to manage water, which were crucial for their urban life. They built wells in almost every house, providing residents with easy access to water. Additionally, the cities had sophisticated drainage systems with covered drains that ...

Harappan town planning was highly advanced and organized. The cities were laid out in a grid pattern, with streets running perpendicular to each other. The buildings were made of baked brick, and many houses had private wells and bathrooms. A ...

Harappan seals were primarily used for trade and administrative purposes. These seals, made of materials like soapstone, were engraved with images of animals, plants, and a script that is yet to be fully deciphered. Traders used them to mark their ...

Harappan trade involved the exchange of goods both within the civilization and with regions beyond. The Harappans traded items like beads, pottery, metals, and precious stones, as well as agricultural products like grain. They traded with distant places like Mesopotamia, ...

The Harappans domesticated several animals to support their agricultural and daily life. They kept cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, and pigs for their milk, meat, and hides. The Harappans also domesticated dogs for companionship and security. Evidence suggests they used oxen ...

The Harappans used simple yet effective tools for farming, made primarily of wood and stone. They employed plows to till the land, and evidence suggests these plows were often drawn by oxen. Harappans also used sickles with wooden handles and ...

The Harappans were skilled agriculturists who cultivated a variety of crops. They grew wheat, barley, and peas as staple crops. Rice cultivation has also been found at later Harappan sites. In addition, they cultivated cotton, making them one of the ...

Harappan settlements were significantly influenced by natural boundaries. The Indus and its tributaries provided fertile plains for agriculture, while the Thar Desert to the east acted as a barrier, shaping trade and movement. The Himalayan and other mountain ranges to ...

The Great Bath of Mohenjo-daro, a remarkable structure from the Harappan Civilization, is considered one of the earliest examples of public water architecture. Located in present-day Pakistan, it is a large, rectangular tank built with tightly fitted bricks and coated ...

Dholavira, a major site of the Harappan Civilization located in present-day Gujarat, is unique for its advanced urban planning and water management system. It had a distinct layout with three divisions: the citadel, middle town, and lower town, each separated ...