Fluoro compounds are not prepared by electrophilic substitution due to the high reactivity of fluorine. Reactions with iodine are reversible, and the presence of an oxidizing agent (HNO₃, HIO₄) is needed to oxidize the HI formed during iodination, making the ...

Sandmeyer’s reaction involves treating a primary aromatic amine with sodium nitrite in cold aqueous mineral acid to form a diazonium salt. Mixing the diazonium salt with cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide replaces the diazonium group by –Cl or –Br. For ...

Aryl chlorides and bromides are prepared by electrophilic substitution of arenes with chlorine and bromine, respectively, in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts like iron or iron(III) chloride. The ortho and para isomers can be easily separated based on their ...

The Swarts reaction involves heating an alkyl chloride or bromide in the presence of a metallic fluoride such as AgF, Hg₂F₂, CoF₂, or SbF₃. This reaction is employed for the synthesis of alkyl fluorides, making it the most effective method ...

Alkyl iodides are synthesized in the Finkelstein reaction by reacting alkyl chlorides or bromides with NaI in dry acetone. NaCl or NaBr formed is precipitated, facilitating the forward reaction according to Le Chatelier’s Principle.