In SNâ‚‚ reactions of optically active alkyl halides, the product exhibits inverted configuration compared to the reactant, as the nucleophile attaches itself on the side opposite to the halogen atom.
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A racemic mixture is represented by prefixing dl or (±) before the name, such as (±) butan-2-ol. It signifies a mixture containing equal proportions of enantiomers, resulting in zero optical rotation due to cancellation of rotations from each isomer.
Stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other are called enantiomers, which possess identical physical properties but differ in the rotation of plane-polarized light.
Butan-2-ol is a chiral molecule because it has four different groups attached to the tetrahedral carbon, resulting in non-superimposability on its mirror image.
The presence of a single asymmetric carbon, or stereocentre, in a molecule is an aid in recognizing chirality. Molecules with this feature are often chiral, leading to non-superimposability of their mirror images and optical activity.
Chirality in molecules refers to the property of being non-superimposable on their mirror images. Chiral molecules exhibit optical activity, while achiral molecules are optically inactive.
Haloalkanes have low solubility in water because energy is required to overcome attractions between haloalkane molecules and break hydrogen bonds in water. The new attractions between haloalkanes and water molecules are weaker than the original hydrogen bonds in water, resulting ...
Bromo, iodo, and polychloro derivatives of hydrocarbons are heavier than water, and their density increases with the number of carbon atoms, halogen atoms, and the atomic mass of the halogen atoms.
The symmetry of para-isomers allows for a better fit in the crystal lattice, resulting in higher melting points compared to their ortho- and meta-isomers.
Boiling points of alkyl halides decrease in the order: RI > RBr > RCl > RF. This trend is attributed to the increase in size and mass of the halogen atom, leading to stronger van der Waals forces.