Humayun was decisively defeated by the Afghan chieftain Sher Shah Suri (then known as Sher Khan) in the Battle of Chausa in 1539 AD. This crushing defeat forced Humayun to flee, temporarily dismantling Mughal authority. Sher Khan subsequently adopted the ...
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Malik Muhammad Jayasi composed the epic poem ‘Padmavat’ in 1540 AD during the reign of the Sur ruler Sher Shah Suri. Written in the Awadhi dialect of Hindi, the work is an allegorical romance detailing the siege of Chittor by ...
Faizi was a renowned poet, scholar and a key member of Emperor Akbar’s court, where he held the position of Malik-ush-Shu’ara (Poet Laureate). He was the brother of Abul Fazl, the author of the Akbarnama. Faizi was deeply involved in ...
The meaning of the Jihad waged by Emperor Aurangzeb was the transformation of Dar-ul-Harb (land of war/non-Islamic rule) into Dar-ul-Islam (land of Islam/Islamic rule). This goal underpinned his orthodox policies, including the reimposition of Jaziya and his long, costly military ...
The Masnavi which is a collection of rules on Muslim law by Babur is the Mubayyin. Written in Persian, the Mubayyin (meaning ‘The Clarification’) focuses on the principles of Hanafi jurisprudence. It reflects Babur’s scholarship and his effort to simplify ...