1. ANSWER: [A] Explanation: The correct answer is A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. The sex of a child is determined by the father’s chromosome. Father contributes either X or Y chromosome. XX → girl, XY → boy. Thus, the reason correctly explains the assertion.

    ANSWER: [A]

    Explanation: The correct answer is A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

    The sex of a child is determined by the father’s chromosome.

    Father contributes either X or Y chromosome.

    XX → girl, XY → boy.
    Thus, the reason correctly explains the assertion.

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  2. ANSWER: [D] Explanation: The correct answer is D. A is false but R is true. Assertion (A) is false → Maximum concentration of pesticides is found at the highest trophic level (top consumers), not the first level. Reason (R) is true → Pesticides are non-biodegradable and accumulate in organisms, causRead more

    ANSWER: [D]

    Explanation: The correct answer is D. A is false but R is true.

    Assertion (A) is false → Maximum concentration of pesticides is found at the highest trophic level (top consumers), not the first level.

    Reason (R) is true → Pesticides are non-biodegradable and accumulate in organisms, causing biomagnification.

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  3. Plants carry out both photosynthesis and respiration, but the amount of oxygen released during photosynthesis is far greater than the amount consumed during respiration. In photosynthesis, plants release large volumes of oxygen as a by-product while producing glucose. Although they use some oxygen fRead more

    Plants carry out both photosynthesis and respiration, but the amount of oxygen released during photosynthesis is far greater than the amount consumed during respiration. In photosynthesis, plants release large volumes of oxygen as a by-product while producing glucose. Although they use some oxygen for their own energy needs during respiration, this is comparatively very small. Additionally, the vast number of plants on Earth constantly replenish the atmosphere with oxygen. Hence, the overall balance ensures no shortage of oxygen in the atmosphere.

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  4. ANSWER: Explain the multiple excretion way in plants. Gaseous waste: Oxygen released during photosynthesis and carbon dioxide during respiration diffuse out through stomata. Excess water: Removed by transpiration from stomata and lenticels. Storage of wastes: Resins and gums are deposited in dead xyRead more

    ANSWER: Explain the multiple excretion way in plants.

    1. Gaseous waste: Oxygen released during photosynthesis and carbon dioxide during respiration diffuse out through stomata.
    2. Excess water: Removed by transpiration from stomata and lenticels.
    3. Storage of wastes: Resins and gums are deposited in dead xylem.
    4. Special products: Tannins, latex, and essential oils accumulate in leaves, bark, or fruits.
    5. Leaf fall: In autumn, wastes are discarded along with shedding leaves.
      Plants thus excrete by multiple simple ways without specialised organs.
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  5. In the process of respiration – (i) state the function of alveoli. (ii) state the function of stomata. (i) Alveoli in humans: Provide a very large surface area for gas exchange. Thin walls allow oxygen to diffuse into blood and carbon dioxide out. Rich network of capillaries ensures efficient transpRead more

    In the process of respiration – (i) state the function of alveoli. (ii) state the function of stomata.

    (i) Alveoli in humans: Provide a very large surface area for gas exchange. Thin walls allow oxygen to diffuse into blood and carbon dioxide out. Rich network of capillaries ensures efficient transport of gases.

    (ii) Stomata in plants: Tiny pores on leaves regulate exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. Guard cells control opening and closing. Help plants balance respiration, photosynthesis, and water loss.

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