1. Fish have a two-chambered heart (one atrium and one ventricle). Blood flows once through the heart in a single circulation, and oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix. Humans, however, have a four-chambered heart (two atria and two ventricles), completely separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.Read more

    Fish have a two-chambered heart (one atrium and one ventricle). Blood flows once through the heart in a single circulation, and oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix.
    Humans, however, have a four-chambered heart (two atria and two ventricles), completely separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. This double circulation ensures efficient oxygen transport throughout the body. Hence, mixing is prevented in humans but not in fishes due to differences in heart structure.

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  2. In plants, water moves through the xylem vessels from roots to leaves by the transpiration pull mechanism. Evaporation of water from leaf surfaces creates a negative pressure that pulls water upward. Cohesion between water molecules, adhesion to xylem walls, and capillary action together maintain aRead more

    In plants, water moves through the xylem vessels from roots to leaves by the transpiration pull mechanism. Evaporation of water from leaf surfaces creates a negative pressure that pulls water upward. Cohesion between water molecules, adhesion to xylem walls, and capillary action together maintain a continuous column of water. This upward movement supplies essential water and minerals for photosynthesis and maintains plant turgidity.

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  3. Using the given organisms, two separate food chains can be formed: Grass → Rabbit → Fox → Tiger → Vulture Trees → Insects → Frog → Snake → Owl These food chains are interconnected, forming a food web that shows how energy flows through producers, consumers, and decomposers. Producers like grass andRead more

    Using the given organisms, two separate food chains can be formed:

    1. Grass → Rabbit → Fox → Tiger → Vulture
    2. Trees → Insects → Frog → Snake → Owl
      These food chains are interconnected, forming a food web that shows how energy flows through producers, consumers, and decomposers. Producers like grass and trees convert sunlight into food, supporting herbivores, carnivores, and decomposers in maintaining ecological balance.

     

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  4. A neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. It consists of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. Dendrites receive impulses from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body. The impulse then passes along the axon to axon terminals, where it is transferred to another neuRead more

    A neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. It consists of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. Dendrites receive impulses from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body. The impulse then passes along the axon to axon terminals, where it is transferred to another neuron or effector through synapses using neurotransmitters. This mechanism ensures the rapid and efficient transmission of information throughout the body.

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  5. In the cross RRyy × rrYY, the F₁ plants are RrYy (round yellow). Gametes formed are RY, Ry, rY, ry. On self-pollination, the F₂ generation shows independent assortment of traits, producing a phenotypic ratio of 9 round yellow : 3 round green : 3 wrinkled yellow : 1 wrinkled green. If 144 seeds are pRead more

    In the cross RRyy × rrYY, the F₁ plants are RrYy (round yellow). Gametes formed are RY, Ry, rY, ry. On self-pollination, the F₂ generation shows independent assortment of traits, producing a phenotypic ratio of 9 round yellow : 3 round green : 3 wrinkled yellow : 1 wrinkled green. If 144 seeds are produced, the numbers are 81, 27, 27, and 9 respectively. This experiment demonstrates Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment.

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