(i) In the deserts of Rajasthan lived the Raikas' (ii) The rainfall in the region is less and uncertain. On cultivated land, harvest fluctuated every year. Over vast stretches, no crop could be grown. (iii) So the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism. (iv) During the monsoon, the Raikas of BRead more
(i) In the deserts of Rajasthan lived the Raikas’
(ii) The rainfall in the region is less and uncertain. On cultivated land, harvest fluctuated every year. Over vast stretches, no crop could be grown.
(iii) So the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism.
(iv) During the monsoon, the Raikas of Barmer, Jaisalmel, Jodhpur and Bikaner stayed in their home villages, where pasture was available.
(v) By October, when grazing grounds were dry and exhausted, they moved out in search of other pastures and water, and returned again during the next monsoon.
(i) Since the land is semi-arid with low rainfall, nothing but dry' clops like bajra could be sown here. (ii) By October, the Dhangars harvested their bajra and moved westward' After a march of about a month, they reached the Konkan' (iii) This was a flourishing agricultural tract with high rainfallRead more
(i) Since the land is semi-arid with low rainfall, nothing but dry’ clops like bajra could be sown here.
(ii) By October, the Dhangars harvested their bajra and moved westward’ After a march of about a month, they reached the Konkan’
(iii) This was a flourishing agricultural tract with high rainfall and rich soil. Here, the shepherds were welcomed by the Konkani peasants.
(iv) After the kharif harvest was out at this time, the fields had to be fertilised and made ready for the rabi harvest’
(v) Dhangar flocks manured the fields and fed on stubble. The Konkani peasants also gave supplies of rice which the shepherds took back to the plateau where grain was scarce.
(vi) With the onset of monsoon, the Dhangars left the Konkan and the coastal areas with other’ flocks and returned to their settlements on the dry plateau.
(i) The British appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of the Maasais, who were made responsible for the affairs of the tribe' (ii) They imposed restrictions on raiding and warfare, thereby restricting the authority of elders and warriors. (iii) The chiefs, often collected wealth over time. They hRead more
(i) The British appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of the Maasais, who were made responsible for the affairs of the tribe’
(ii) They imposed restrictions on raiding and warfare, thereby restricting the authority of elders and warriors.
(iii) The chiefs, often collected wealth over time. They had a regular income with which they could buy animals, goods and land’
(iv) They lent money to poor neighbour-s who needed cash to pay taxes’ Many of them began to live in towns as traders’
(v) Their wives and children stayed back in the villages to look after the animals.
(vi) These chiefs managed to survive the devastations of war and drought’ They had now both pastoral and non-pastoral income, and could buy animals when their stock was depleted.
(i) The Maasai society was divided into two social categories--elders and warriors. (ii) The elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes. (iii) The warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protectioRead more
(i) The Maasai society was divided into two social categories–elders and warriors.
(ii) The elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes.
(iii) The warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protection of the tribe.
(iv) They also organised cattle raids. Raiding was important in a society where cattle was wealth. Raiding asserted the power of the different pastoral groups.
(i) Before colonial times, Maasailand stretcted over a vast area from North Kenya to the steppes of northern Tanzania. (ii) In 1885, it was cut into half by international boundary between Britain and Germany. (iii) The best grazing grounds were gradually taken over for white settlements and MaasaisRead more
(i) Before colonial times, Maasailand stretcted over a vast area from North Kenya to the steppes of northern Tanzania.
(ii) In 1885, it was cut into half by international boundary between Britain and Germany.
(iii) The best grazing grounds were gradually taken over for white settlements and Maasais were pushed into a small area in south Kenya and North Tanzania.
(iv) The British encouraged the local people to expand cultivation. Thus, pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields.
(v) By the end of the colonial rule, large areas of grazing lands were turned into game reserves. Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves; they could neither hunt nor graze their cattle in these areas.
How did Raikas of Rajasthan practise cattle rearing?
(i) In the deserts of Rajasthan lived the Raikas' (ii) The rainfall in the region is less and uncertain. On cultivated land, harvest fluctuated every year. Over vast stretches, no crop could be grown. (iii) So the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism. (iv) During the monsoon, the Raikas of BRead more
(i) In the deserts of Rajasthan lived the Raikas’
See less(ii) The rainfall in the region is less and uncertain. On cultivated land, harvest fluctuated every year. Over vast stretches, no crop could be grown.
(iii) So the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism.
(iv) During the monsoon, the Raikas of Barmer, Jaisalmel, Jodhpur and Bikaner stayed in their home villages, where pasture was available.
(v) By October, when grazing grounds were dry and exhausted, they moved out in search of other pastures and water, and returned again during the next monsoon.
In what ways was cultivation practised in Maharashtra by Dhangars?
(i) Since the land is semi-arid with low rainfall, nothing but dry' clops like bajra could be sown here. (ii) By October, the Dhangars harvested their bajra and moved westward' After a march of about a month, they reached the Konkan' (iii) This was a flourishing agricultural tract with high rainfallRead more
(i) Since the land is semi-arid with low rainfall, nothing but dry’ clops like bajra could be sown here.
See less(ii) By October, the Dhangars harvested their bajra and moved westward’ After a march of about a month, they reached the Konkan’
(iii) This was a flourishing agricultural tract with high rainfall and rich soil. Here, the shepherds were welcomed by the Konkani peasants.
(iv) After the kharif harvest was out at this time, the fields had to be fertilised and made ready for the rabi harvest’
(v) Dhangar flocks manured the fields and fed on stubble. The Konkani peasants also gave supplies of rice which the shepherds took back to the plateau where grain was scarce.
(vi) With the onset of monsoon, the Dhangars left the Konkan and the coastal areas with other’ flocks and returned to their settlements on the dry plateau.
How did the British carry out the administration of the Maasais?
(i) The British appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of the Maasais, who were made responsible for the affairs of the tribe' (ii) They imposed restrictions on raiding and warfare, thereby restricting the authority of elders and warriors. (iii) The chiefs, often collected wealth over time. They hRead more
(i) The British appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of the Maasais, who were made responsible for the affairs of the tribe’
See less(ii) They imposed restrictions on raiding and warfare, thereby restricting the authority of elders and warriors.
(iii) The chiefs, often collected wealth over time. They had a regular income with which they could buy animals, goods and land’
(iv) They lent money to poor neighbour-s who needed cash to pay taxes’ Many of them began to live in towns as traders’
(v) Their wives and children stayed back in the villages to look after the animals.
(vi) These chiefs managed to survive the devastations of war and drought’ They had now both pastoral and non-pastoral income, and could buy animals when their stock was depleted.
Describe the social division of the Maasais.
(i) The Maasai society was divided into two social categories--elders and warriors. (ii) The elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes. (iii) The warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protectioRead more
(i) The Maasai society was divided into two social categories–elders and warriors.
See less(ii) The elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes.
(iii) The warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protection of the tribe.
(iv) They also organised cattle raids. Raiding was important in a society where cattle was wealth. Raiding asserted the power of the different pastoral groups.
How did the Maasais of northern Kenya lose their grazing lands?
(i) Before colonial times, Maasailand stretcted over a vast area from North Kenya to the steppes of northern Tanzania. (ii) In 1885, it was cut into half by international boundary between Britain and Germany. (iii) The best grazing grounds were gradually taken over for white settlements and MaasaisRead more
(i) Before colonial times, Maasailand stretcted over a vast area from North Kenya to the steppes of northern Tanzania.
See less(ii) In 1885, it was cut into half by international boundary between Britain and Germany.
(iii) The best grazing grounds were gradually taken over for white settlements and Maasais were pushed into a small area in south Kenya and North Tanzania.
(iv) The British encouraged the local people to expand cultivation. Thus, pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields.
(v) By the end of the colonial rule, large areas of grazing lands were turned into game reserves. Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves; they could neither hunt nor graze their cattle in these areas.