(i) Since the land is semi-arid with low rainfall, nothing but dry' clops like bajra could be sown here. (ii) By October, the Dhangars harvested their bajra and moved westward' After a march of about a month, they reached the Konkan' (iii) This was a flourishing agricultural tract with high rainfallRead more
(i) Since the land is semi-arid with low rainfall, nothing but dry’ clops like bajra could be sown here.
(ii) By October, the Dhangars harvested their bajra and moved westward’ After a march of about a month, they reached the Konkan’
(iii) This was a flourishing agricultural tract with high rainfall and rich soil. Here, the shepherds were welcomed by the Konkani peasants.
(iv) After the kharif harvest was out at this time, the fields had to be fertilised and made ready for the rabi harvest’
(v) Dhangar flocks manured the fields and fed on stubble. The Konkani peasants also gave supplies of rice which the shepherds took back to the plateau where grain was scarce.
(vi) With the onset of monsoon, the Dhangars left the Konkan and the coastal areas with other’ flocks and returned to their settlements on the dry plateau.
(i) The British appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of the Maasais, who were made responsible for the affairs of the tribe' (ii) They imposed restrictions on raiding and warfare, thereby restricting the authority of elders and warriors. (iii) The chiefs, often collected wealth over time. They hRead more
(i) The British appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of the Maasais, who were made responsible for the affairs of the tribe’
(ii) They imposed restrictions on raiding and warfare, thereby restricting the authority of elders and warriors.
(iii) The chiefs, often collected wealth over time. They had a regular income with which they could buy animals, goods and land’
(iv) They lent money to poor neighbour-s who needed cash to pay taxes’ Many of them began to live in towns as traders’
(v) Their wives and children stayed back in the villages to look after the animals.
(vi) These chiefs managed to survive the devastations of war and drought’ They had now both pastoral and non-pastoral income, and could buy animals when their stock was depleted.
(i) The Maasai society was divided into two social categories--elders and warriors. (ii) The elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes. (iii) The warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protectioRead more
(i) The Maasai society was divided into two social categories–elders and warriors.
(ii) The elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes.
(iii) The warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protection of the tribe.
(iv) They also organised cattle raids. Raiding was important in a society where cattle was wealth. Raiding asserted the power of the different pastoral groups.
(i) Before colonial times, Maasailand stretcted over a vast area from North Kenya to the steppes of northern Tanzania. (ii) In 1885, it was cut into half by international boundary between Britain and Germany. (iii) The best grazing grounds were gradually taken over for white settlements and MaasaisRead more
(i) Before colonial times, Maasailand stretcted over a vast area from North Kenya to the steppes of northern Tanzania.
(ii) In 1885, it was cut into half by international boundary between Britain and Germany.
(iii) The best grazing grounds were gradually taken over for white settlements and Maasais were pushed into a small area in south Kenya and North Tanzania.
(iv) The British encouraged the local people to expand cultivation. Thus, pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields.
(v) By the end of the colonial rule, large areas of grazing lands were turned into game reserves. Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves; they could neither hunt nor graze their cattle in these areas.
(i) The colonisers wanted to transform all grazing lands into cultivated farms. Land revenue was one of the main sources of income for them- By expanding cultivation, it could increase the revenue collection- To the colonial people, all uncultivated land appeared to be unproductive. (ii) Through ForRead more
(i) The colonisers wanted to transform all grazing lands into cultivated farms. Land revenue was one of the main sources of income for them- By expanding cultivation, it could increase the revenue collection- To the colonial people, all uncultivated land appeared to be unproductive.
(ii) Through Forest Acts, some forests which produced commercially valuable timber like deodar or sal, were declared ‘Reserved’. No pastoralist was allowed to enter these forests. The colonisers beiieved that grazing destroyed the saplings and young shoots of trees that germinated on the forest floor.
(iii) The colonisers wanted nomadic tribes to live in villages, in fixed places with fixed rights. Those who were settled were seen as peaceable and law abiding.
(iv) Pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed on the pastures. In most pastoral tracts of india, grazing tax was introduced in the mid-19th century. This tax per head of cattle went up rapidly and the system of collection was made more efficient.
In what ways was cultivation practised in Maharashtra by Dhangars?
(i) Since the land is semi-arid with low rainfall, nothing but dry' clops like bajra could be sown here. (ii) By October, the Dhangars harvested their bajra and moved westward' After a march of about a month, they reached the Konkan' (iii) This was a flourishing agricultural tract with high rainfallRead more
(i) Since the land is semi-arid with low rainfall, nothing but dry’ clops like bajra could be sown here.
See less(ii) By October, the Dhangars harvested their bajra and moved westward’ After a march of about a month, they reached the Konkan’
(iii) This was a flourishing agricultural tract with high rainfall and rich soil. Here, the shepherds were welcomed by the Konkani peasants.
(iv) After the kharif harvest was out at this time, the fields had to be fertilised and made ready for the rabi harvest’
(v) Dhangar flocks manured the fields and fed on stubble. The Konkani peasants also gave supplies of rice which the shepherds took back to the plateau where grain was scarce.
(vi) With the onset of monsoon, the Dhangars left the Konkan and the coastal areas with other’ flocks and returned to their settlements on the dry plateau.
How did the British carry out the administration of the Maasais?
(i) The British appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of the Maasais, who were made responsible for the affairs of the tribe' (ii) They imposed restrictions on raiding and warfare, thereby restricting the authority of elders and warriors. (iii) The chiefs, often collected wealth over time. They hRead more
(i) The British appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of the Maasais, who were made responsible for the affairs of the tribe’
See less(ii) They imposed restrictions on raiding and warfare, thereby restricting the authority of elders and warriors.
(iii) The chiefs, often collected wealth over time. They had a regular income with which they could buy animals, goods and land’
(iv) They lent money to poor neighbour-s who needed cash to pay taxes’ Many of them began to live in towns as traders’
(v) Their wives and children stayed back in the villages to look after the animals.
(vi) These chiefs managed to survive the devastations of war and drought’ They had now both pastoral and non-pastoral income, and could buy animals when their stock was depleted.
Describe the social division of the Maasais.
(i) The Maasai society was divided into two social categories--elders and warriors. (ii) The elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes. (iii) The warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protectioRead more
(i) The Maasai society was divided into two social categories–elders and warriors.
See less(ii) The elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes.
(iii) The warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protection of the tribe.
(iv) They also organised cattle raids. Raiding was important in a society where cattle was wealth. Raiding asserted the power of the different pastoral groups.
How did the Maasais of northern Kenya lose their grazing lands?
(i) Before colonial times, Maasailand stretcted over a vast area from North Kenya to the steppes of northern Tanzania. (ii) In 1885, it was cut into half by international boundary between Britain and Germany. (iii) The best grazing grounds were gradually taken over for white settlements and MaasaisRead more
(i) Before colonial times, Maasailand stretcted over a vast area from North Kenya to the steppes of northern Tanzania.
See less(ii) In 1885, it was cut into half by international boundary between Britain and Germany.
(iii) The best grazing grounds were gradually taken over for white settlements and Maasais were pushed into a small area in south Kenya and North Tanzania.
(iv) The British encouraged the local people to expand cultivation. Thus, pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields.
(v) By the end of the colonial rule, large areas of grazing lands were turned into game reserves. Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves; they could neither hunt nor graze their cattle in these areas.
Discuss how the life of pastoralists changed dramatically under the colonial rule.
(i) The colonisers wanted to transform all grazing lands into cultivated farms. Land revenue was one of the main sources of income for them- By expanding cultivation, it could increase the revenue collection- To the colonial people, all uncultivated land appeared to be unproductive. (ii) Through ForRead more
(i) The colonisers wanted to transform all grazing lands into cultivated farms. Land revenue was one of the main sources of income for them- By expanding cultivation, it could increase the revenue collection- To the colonial people, all uncultivated land appeared to be unproductive.
See less(ii) Through Forest Acts, some forests which produced commercially valuable timber like deodar or sal, were declared ‘Reserved’. No pastoralist was allowed to enter these forests. The colonisers beiieved that grazing destroyed the saplings and young shoots of trees that germinated on the forest floor.
(iii) The colonisers wanted nomadic tribes to live in villages, in fixed places with fixed rights. Those who were settled were seen as peaceable and law abiding.
(iv) Pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed on the pastures. In most pastoral tracts of india, grazing tax was introduced in the mid-19th century. This tax per head of cattle went up rapidly and the system of collection was made more efficient.