The Greek term ‘Indos’ refers to the Indus River, a major geographical landmark. When Greeks adopted this term, it became ‘Indike’ or ‘India’ in Western languages. Over time, this name defined the land beyond the Indus. While rooted in a geographical feature, ‘India’ eventually represented the subcontinent globally. This evolution exemplifies how foreign encounters shaped India’s identity in global understanding.

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Travelers from Persia and Greece named India based on language adaptations of ‘Sindhu,’ the native term for the Indus River. Persians called it ‘Hind,’ later becoming ‘Hindustan,’ while Greeks used ‘Indos’ to describe the land. These names reflect how foreign visitors often adapted local names to suit their linguistic systems, blending regional identity with international perspectives on India’s vast and culturally significant land.

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Ashoka, the renowned Mauryan emperor, adopted ‘Jambudvīpa’ in his inscriptions to describe India around 250 BCE. ‘Jambudvīpa’ translates to ‘island of the jamun tree,’ a native tree symbolizing India’s rich natural heritage. Ashoka’s use of this term in official inscriptions reflected his vision of a unified India, acknowledging both its geographical expanse and its cultural diversity under a common identity.

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‘Bhāratavarṣha,’ meaning ‘land of the Bharatas,’ is used in the Mahābhārata to refer to the Indian subcontinent. The Bharatas, a prominent tribe mentioned in the Rig Veda, were central to Vedic society. ‘Bhāratavarṣha’ signifies a unified land shared by various regions and cultures, promoting a collective identity that stretches across the diverse geography and communities of India.

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The Unlikely Best Friends (असामान्य सबसे अच्छे दोस्त)

English Version:
Gajaraj, the elephant, lived in the best booth of the royal stables. The king was fond of Gajaraj, and he had ordered that the elephant should be well looked after.
Hindi Translation:
गजराज, हाथी, शाही अस्तबल के सबसे अच्छे बाड़े में रहता था। राजा को गजराज बहुत प्रिय था, और उसने आदेश दिया था कि हाथी की अच्छी तरह देखभाल की जाए।
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English Version:
In spite of royal comforts, Gajaraj was sad because he had no friends. The mahout, or elephant trainer, was the only one he ever interacted with. The mahout was a kind man who served Gajaraj food, and gave him a bath in the elephant pond daily. He was a good caretaker, but not a friend.
Hindi Translation:
शाही आराम के बावजूद, गजराज उदास था क्योंकि उसके पास कोई दोस्त नहीं था। महावत, जो हाथी का प्रशिक्षक था, वही एकमात्र व्यक्ति था जिससे वह बातचीत करता था। महावत एक दयालु व्यक्ति था जो गजराज को खाना खिलाता था और रोज़ हाथी के तालाब में उसे नहलाता था। वह एक अच्छा देखभाल करने वाला था, लेकिन दोस्त नहीं।
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English Version:
“I wish I had a friend I can play with,” thought Gajaraj. One late evening, a dog strayed into the stable. Gajaraj could see that the visitor was tired and hungry. He pushed some of the food he was munching towards the dog.
Hindi Translation:
“काश, मेरे पास कोई ऐसा दोस्त होता जिसके साथ मैं खेल सकता,” गजराज ने सोचा। एक देर शाम, एक कुत्ता अस्तबल में भटक आया। गजराज देख सकता था कि आगंतुक थका हुआ और भूखा था। उसने जो भोजन चबा रहा था, उसका कुछ हिस्सा कुत्ते की ओर सरका दिया।
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English Version:
The visitor wagged his tail, looked up at the elephant to convey his thanks, and then turned his full attention to the food in front of him. As soon as he finished eating, he fell asleep.
Hindi Translation:
आगंतुक ने अपनी पूंछ हिलाई, हाथी की ओर देखा मानो धन्यवाद व्यक्त कर रहा हो, और फिर अपने सामने रखे भोजन पर पूरी तरह ध्यान केंद्रित कर लिया। जैसे ही उसने खाना खत्म किया, वह सो गया।
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English Version:
The next morning, the mahout found the stray dog in the stable. He did not mind the dog. He also noticed that Gajaraj seemed to like the company. So, he threw some crumbs to the dog, which the animal accepted wagging his tail.
Hindi Translation:
अगली सुबह, महावत ने अस्तबल में आवारा कुत्ते को पाया। उसे कुत्ते से कोई आपत्ति नहीं थी। उसने यह भी देखा कि गजराज को उसका साथ पसंद आ रहा था। इसलिए उसने कुत्ते को कुछ रोटी के टुकड़े फेंके, जिसे कुत्ते ने पूंछ हिलाते हुए स्वीकार कर लिया।
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English Version:
When the elephant went out for a bath, the dog accompanied his friend. Plunging into the water, the elephant gave himself a shower using his long trunk, as the dog watched. The elephant took a trunkful of water and playfully splashed the water on his friend. The dog yelped for he hated taking showers.
Hindi Translation:
जब हाथी स्नान के लिए बाहर गया, तो कुत्ता उसके दोस्त के साथ गया। पानी में गोता लगाते हुए, हाथी ने अपनी लंबी सूंड से खुद को नहलाया, जबकि कुत्ता उसे देख रहा था। हाथी ने अपनी सूंड में पानी भरा और अपने दोस्त पर शरारती ढंग से पानी फेंका। कुत्ता चिल्लाया क्योंकि उसे नहाना बिल्कुल पसंद नहीं था।
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English Version:
The mahout laughed. On their way home, the elephant picked up the dog with his trunk and placed him on his back. The dog was delighted to get a ride.
Hindi Translation:
महावत हंस पड़ा। घर लौटते समय, हाथी ने कुत्ते को अपनी सूंड से उठाया और अपनी पीठ पर बिठा लिया। कुत्ता सवारी पाकर खुश हो गया।