The correct chronological order of Humayun’s major battles is: Daura (1532), where he defeated Mahmud Lodi; Chausa (1539), where he was defeated by Sher Shah; Kannauj/Bilgram (1540), which resulted in his exile; and finally, Sirhind (1555), which secured his restoration ...
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The Red Fort (Lal Qila) of Delhi was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. Construction began in 1639 when Shah Jahan decided to shift his capital from Agra to a new city, Shahjahanabad (old Delhi). This massive fortress served ...
The term ‘Zawabit’ in the Mughal administration referred to State Laws or secular regulations. These were royal decrees or regulations (Qanun-i-Shahi) issued by the Mughal emperors that supplemented the religious law (Sharia) where necessary. Zawabit covered administrative, revenue and economic ...
The ‘Zabti system’ of land revenue assessment was originally the creation of Sher Shah Suri. It was later refined and fully implemented by Akbar through his finance minister, Raja Todar Mal and became known as the Todar Mal’s Bandobast. The ...
The main reason for Babur’s victory in the Battle of Panipat (1526) was his superior tactical use of the Tulughma system. This military strategy, combined with the effective use of artillery (cannons) placed strategically behind carts, allowed his smaller army ...