Mahmud Ghaznavi invaded India seventeen times between 1000 CE and 1027 CE. His campaigns targeted wealthy temples and kingdoms, especially in Punjab and Gujarat. The most famous attack was on the Somnath Temple. These invasions were mainly motivated by the ...
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Iltutmish was one of the most prominent rulers of the Slave Dynasty, also known as the Mamluk Dynasty. He consolidated the Delhi Sultanate after Qutbuddin Aibak’s death and completed several major administrative reforms. Iltutmish also introduced the Iqtadari system and ...
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was the founder and first Sultan of the Tughlaq dynasty. He established a disciplined administration, built the fortified city Tughlaqabad and worked to strengthen the empire’s economy. His reign marked a transition from the Khilji period’s aggressive expansion ...
Ibrahim Lodi was the last ruler of the Lodi dynasty and the final Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. His harsh treatment of nobles created internal rebellions, weakening the empire. In 1526, he was defeated by Babur in the First Battle ...
Historians describe Muhammad bin Tughlaq as a “mixture of opposites” because his personality combined brilliance with impracticality. He introduced innovative but often disastrous policies, such as token currency and shifting the capital. His administrative intelligence was remarkable, yet poor execution ...