Ziauddin Barani’s Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi is the most detailed and reliable account of Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s administrative failures. Barani criticizes his experiments such as token currency, capital shift and harsh taxation. The text provides firsthand insight into the Sultan’s ambitious but ...
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Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq reversed Alauddin Khalji’s strict agrarian policies by restoring land to hereditary holders like khuts and muqaddams. He believed leniency would improve loyalty and agricultural productivity. This softened administrative pressure but weakened the firm controls established earlier. ANSWER: (A) ...
The Diwan-e-Mustakhraj was established to recover outstanding land revenue and dues that officials failed to collect. It supervised corrupt or negligent revenue officers and punished defaulting zamindars. This department helped restore financial stability during periods of revenue shortages. ANSWER: (B) ...
Muhammad bin Tughlaq shifted the capital from Delhi to Devagiri mainly to strengthen his control over the newly conquered southern territories. Devagiri’s central location allowed better supervision of the Deccan, efficient communication and tighter political integration. His objective was expansion ...
Qutbuddin Aibak was known as “Qurankhwa” because of his habit of reciting the Quran regularly. A devout Muslim, he devoted time to religious study and charity. His piety, generosity and humility earned him this respectful title, distinguishing him from other ...