1. The foundation of the Khalsa Panth was ceremoniously laid by the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, on April 13, 1699, a date coinciding with the harvest festival of Baisakhi. The event took place at Anandpur Sahib. The Khalsa, meaning 'The Pure,' was created to instill a code of conduct and discipRead more

    The foundation of the Khalsa Panth was ceremoniously laid by the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, on April 13, 1699, a date coinciding with the harvest festival of Baisakhi. The event took place at Anandpur Sahib. The Khalsa, meaning ‘The Pure,’ was created to instill a code of conduct and discipline, transforming Sikhs into a distinct, disciplined and valiant community prepared to fight against tyranny. Guru Gobind Singh also introduced the ‘Five Ks’ and the surnames ‘Singh’ and ‘Kaur’ to establish a unique identity for the Khalsa.

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  2. The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II was first a dependent of the British and later a pensioner of the Marathas. Following the Battle of Buxar in 1764, he fell under British control and lived in Allahabad as a virtual prisoner for six years, receiving an annual pension from the East India Company. DesiriRead more

    The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II was first a dependent of the British and later a pensioner of the Marathas. Following the Battle of Buxar in 1764, he fell under British control and lived in Allahabad as a virtual prisoner for six years, receiving an annual pension from the East India Company. Desiring a return to Delhi, he eventually placed himself under the protection of the powerful Maratha leader Mahadji Shinde in 1772. While back in his capital, he remained a powerless figurehead, relying entirely on the Marathas’ subsidy and protection for the rest of his life.

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  3. The Mughal Empire achieved its maximum territorial extent, touching upon the Tamil region, under the reign of Aurangzeb (1658–1707). His aggressive Deccan policy resulted in the conquest of the independent sultanates of Bijapur and Golconda in the 1680s. This expansion brought the Mughal boundariesRead more

    The Mughal Empire achieved its maximum territorial extent, touching upon the Tamil region, under the reign of Aurangzeb (1658–1707). His aggressive Deccan policy resulted in the conquest of the independent sultanates of Bijapur and Golconda in the 1680s. This expansion brought the Mughal boundaries southward to the river Kaveri and briefly included the strategic Jinji Fort (in modern Tamil Nadu) following a lengthy siege. This marked the greatest geographical stretch of the empire.

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  4. Humayun successfully re-established the Mughal Empire in 1555 AD. After spending fifteen years in exile following his defeat by Sher Shah Suri, he returned with Persian support. The decisive victory over the Sur dynasty successor, Sikandar Shah Suri, at the Battle of Sirhind in June 1555, allowed hiRead more

    Humayun successfully re-established the Mughal Empire in 1555 AD. After spending fifteen years in exile following his defeat by Sher Shah Suri, he returned with Persian support. The decisive victory over the Sur dynasty successor, Sikandar Shah Suri, at the Battle of Sirhind in June 1555, allowed him to recapture Delhi and Agra. His second reign was tragically brief, lasting only until January 1556 when he died from a fall. His re-establishment was crucial, as it set the stage for the ascent of his son, the great Emperor Akbar.

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  5. The restoration of the Mughal Empire under Humayun was achieved by the decisive victory in the Battle of Sirhind in 1555. After fifteen years of exile, Humayun challenged the weakened Sur dynasty. His forces, commanded strategically by Bairam Khan, clashed with and defeated the Afghan army led by SiRead more

    The restoration of the Mughal Empire under Humayun was achieved by the decisive victory in the Battle of Sirhind in 1555. After fifteen years of exile, Humayun challenged the weakened Sur dynasty. His forces, commanded strategically by Bairam Khan, clashed with and defeated the Afghan army led by Sikandar Shah Suri. This battle was crucial because it broke the back of the remaining Afghan resistance. The victory secured the entire Punjab region and provided the direct path for Humayun to reclaim the thrones of Delhi and Agra, thereby commencing his second, short-lived reign.

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