1. They reacted in different ways as given below: (i) Many incorporated some elements of Western-style such as wealthy Parsis. They started using baggy trousers and the phenta or hat with long collarless coats, with boots and a walking stick to complete the look of the gentleman (ii) For some of them,Read more

    They reacted in different ways as given below:
    (i) Many incorporated some elements of Western-style such as wealthy Parsis. They
    started using baggy trousers and the phenta or hat with long collarless coats, with boots and a walking stick to complete the look of the gentleman
    (ii) For some of them, western clothes were a sign of modernity and progress. The use of western style clothes was taken as a sign of world warning upside down.
    (iii) Some considered it as a loss of traditional cultural identity.
    (iv) Some adopted Western clothes without giving up their Indian ones by wearing Western-style clothes for work outside the home and changed into more comfortable Indian clothes at home. This practice is still observed by some men. Still some attempted to combine western and Indian forms of dressing.

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  2. (a) The ideals of womanhood in Victorian England were as given below: (i) Women could bear pain and suffering (ii) They should be docile, dutiful, submissive and obedient, delicate, frivolous and attractive. (b) Norms of clothing of women played an important part in achieving these ideals as mentionRead more

    (a) The ideals of womanhood in Victorian England were as given below:
    (i) Women could bear pain and suffering
    (ii) They should be docile, dutiful, submissive and obedient, delicate, frivolous and attractive.
    (b) Norms of clothing of women played an important part in achieving these ideals as mentioned below:
    (i) From childhood, girls were tightly laced up and dressed in stays. The effort was to restrict the growth of their bodies, contain them within small moulds.
    (ii) When slightly older, girls had to wear tight fitting corsets.
    (iii) Tightly laced small-waisted women were admired as attractive, elegant and graceful. Clothing, thus played a part in creating the image of frail, submissive Victorian woman.

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  3. As the suffrage movement developed, many women began campaigning for dress reform: (i) Women's magazines described how tight dresses and corsets caused deformities and illness among young girls. (ii) Such clothing restricted body growth and hampered blood circulation. (iii) Muscles remained underdevRead more

    As the suffrage movement developed, many women began campaigning for dress reform:
    (i) Women’s magazines described how tight dresses and corsets caused deformities and illness among young girls.
    (ii) Such clothing restricted body growth and hampered blood circulation.
    (iii) Muscles remained underdeveloped and the spines got bent.
    (iv) Doctors reported that many women were regularly complaining of acute weakness, felt Ianguid, and fainted frequently. Corsets then became necessary to hold up the weakened spine.
    (v) Many government officials were alarmed at the health implications of the prevailing dress amongst women. They stated that the effect of a light cord round the neck and tight lacing differ only in degrees. For the strangulations are both fatal. To wear tight stays in many CASES was to wither, to waste, to die.

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  4. Even after end of sumptuary laws everyone in European societies could not dress in the same way because differences between the social status remained. The poor could not dress like the rich, nor eat the same food because they had no money. Differences in the earning decided what the rich and the poRead more

    Even after end of sumptuary laws everyone in European societies could not dress in the same way because differences between the social status remained. The poor could not dress like the rich, nor eat the same food because they had no money. Differences in the earning decided what the rich and the poor could wear. This led to development of different cultures of dress by different classes. The notion of what was beautiful or ugly, proper or improper, decent or vulgar too differed in the society.

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  5. (a) The lady wore the sumptuous clothing, the elaborate headgear, and the lace edgings on the dress. She also had a corset inside the dress, which was meant to confine and shape her waist. The nobleman wore a long soldier's coat, knee breeches, silk stockings and high heeled shoes. Both had elaboratRead more

    (a) The lady wore the sumptuous clothing, the elaborate headgear, and the lace edgings on the dress. She also had a corset inside the dress, which was meant to confine and shape her waist. The nobleman wore a long soldier’s coat, knee breeches, silk stockings and high heeled shoes. Both had elaborate wigs and, had their faces painted a delicate shade of pink, for the display of natural skin was considered unnatural.
    (b) The dress code reflected that there was great disparity in society in France at the time of the Revolution. The sumptuary laws prevented unprivileged classes from wearing certain clothes, consuming certain foods and beverages.

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