L.S.D. is obtained from fungi. It is synthesized from ergot alkaloids, which are naturally produced by certain species of fungi in the genus Claviceps. Ergot fungus infects grains like rye, and L.S.D. is derived from the lysergic acid compounds found in the fungus. This chemical synthesis involves sRead more
L.S.D. is obtained from fungi. It is synthesized from ergot alkaloids, which are naturally produced by certain species of fungi in the genus Claviceps. Ergot fungus infects grains like rye, and L.S.D. is derived from the lysergic acid compounds found in the fungus. This chemical synthesis involves several steps, including extraction, purification, and chemical modification of the ergot alkaloids to produce lysergic acid diethylamide (L.S.D.). The psychoactive effects of L.S.D. are attributed to its interaction with serotonin receptors in the brain, leading to alterations in perception, mood, and cognition. While L.S.D. has been historically used for its hallucinogenic properties, it is also a controlled substance due to its potential for abuse and adverse effects on mental health. Despite its recreational use, L.S.D. has also been studied for its potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the treatment of certain mental health disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Broad spectrum antibiotics are produced from Streptomyces. These bacteria are renowned for their ability to synthesize a wide array of antibiotics with broad activity against diverse bacterial species. Streptomyces antibiotics include well-known drugs such as streptomycin, tetracycline, and erythromRead more
Broad spectrum antibiotics are produced from Streptomyces. These bacteria are renowned for their ability to synthesize a wide array of antibiotics with broad activity against diverse bacterial species. Streptomyces antibiotics include well-known drugs such as streptomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin, which are used to treat various bacterial infections in clinical practice. The complex secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces exhibit diverse chemical structures and mechanisms of action, targeting essential bacterial processes such as protein synthesis, cell wall synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis. Due to their broad spectrum of activity, Streptomyces antibiotics are valuable therapeutic agents for treating infections caused by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, they play a crucial role in agriculture and biotechnology, contributing to the control of plant pathogens and the production of recombinant proteins. Overall, Streptomyces antibiotics are indispensable tools in modern medicine and biotechnology, offering effective treatment options for a wide range of bacterial diseases.
Streptomycin was isolated by Waxman. It was discovered in 1943 by Selman Waksman and his team at Rutgers University. Their work involved screening soil microorganisms for antimicrobial activity, leading to the isolation of streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus. This groundbreaking discovery markedRead more
Streptomycin was isolated by Waxman. It was discovered in 1943 by Selman Waksman and his team at Rutgers University. Their work involved screening soil microorganisms for antimicrobial activity, leading to the isolation of streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus. This groundbreaking discovery marked a major advancement in the treatment of tuberculosis, as streptomycin became the first effective antibiotic against the disease. Waksman’s research on antibiotics earned him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1952, recognizing his contributions to medicine and microbiology. Streptomycin’s introduction revolutionized tuberculosis therapy, significantly reducing mortality rates associated with the disease. It also paved the way for the development of other antibiotics and antibiotics research, shaping the landscape of modern medicine. The discovery of streptomycin underscored the importance of natural products and microbial diversity in drug discovery, inspiring further exploration of microbial sources for novel therapeutic agents.
Tikka disease occurs in groundnut. It is caused by the fungus Cercospora arachidicola. This fungal pathogen infects groundnut plants, causing characteristic dark brown to black lesions on leaves, stems, and pods. Tikka disease can lead to reduced yields and quality in groundnut crops. The fungus surRead more
Tikka disease occurs in groundnut. It is caused by the fungus Cercospora arachidicola. This fungal pathogen infects groundnut plants, causing characteristic dark brown to black lesions on leaves, stems, and pods. Tikka disease can lead to reduced yields and quality in groundnut crops. The fungus survives in infected plant debris and soil, and its spores are spread by wind, rain, and mechanical means. Warm and humid conditions favor disease development, making it a significant concern in regions where groundnut is cultivated. Management strategies for Tikka disease include planting disease-resistant varieties, practicing crop rotation, removing and destroying infected plant debris, and applying fungicides as necessary. Integrated disease management approaches, including cultural, biological, and chemical control methods, are often employed to minimize the impact of Tikka disease on groundnut production and ensure the sustainability of groundnut cultivation in affected regions.
AIDS is caused by [D] Virus. Specifically, it is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which attacks the immune system, leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV primarily targets CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and increasing susceptibility to infections and certaRead more
AIDS is caused by [D] Virus. Specifically, it is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which attacks the immune system, leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV primarily targets CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and increasing susceptibility to infections and certain cancers. Unlike bacteria [A], fungi [B], or worms [C], which can cause various diseases, AIDS specifically results from HIV infection, transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) can manage HIV, but there is currently no cure, making prevention crucial in controlling the spread of the virus.
People who drink heavy amounts of alcohol often die due to [C] Cirrhosis. Prolonged alcohol consumption damages the liver, leading to cirrhosis, where scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue, impeding liver function and causing complications such as portal hypertension and liver failure. While alcRead more
People who drink heavy amounts of alcohol often die due to [C] Cirrhosis. Prolonged alcohol consumption damages the liver, leading to cirrhosis, where scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue, impeding liver function and causing complications such as portal hypertension and liver failure. While alcohol abuse can increase the risk of certain cancers, such as liver cancer [B], and cardiovascular issues, including cardiac arrest [D], cirrhosis remains one of the most significant health risks associated with heavy alcohol intake. Effective interventions to reduce alcohol consumption are crucial in preventing the development and progression of cirrhosis and related complications.
Simple goiter is the disease affecting the [D] Thyroid gland. It involves the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, typically due to iodine deficiency, which impairs thyroid hormone synthesis. This condition can lead to a visible swelling in the neck area, causing difficulty swallowing or breatRead more
Simple goiter is the disease affecting the [D] Thyroid gland. It involves the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, typically due to iodine deficiency, which impairs thyroid hormone synthesis. This condition can lead to a visible swelling in the neck area, causing difficulty swallowing or breathing. Simple goiter does not affect the gums [A], tear gland [B], or liver [C]. Adequate dietary iodine intake is crucial for preventing simple goiter, although other factors such as genetic predisposition or certain medications may also contribute to its development. Treatment may involve iodine supplementation or thyroid hormone replacement therapy.
The BMD test is performed to identify [C] Osteoporosis. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) testing assesses the density and strength of bones, aiding in the diagnosis of osteoporosis, a condition characterized by low bone mass and increased fracture risk. It helps evaluate bone health and monitor response tRead more
The BMD test is performed to identify [C] Osteoporosis. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) testing assesses the density and strength of bones, aiding in the diagnosis of osteoporosis, a condition characterized by low bone mass and increased fracture risk. It helps evaluate bone health and monitor response to treatment. Unlike Dengue [A] and Malaria [B], which are diagnosed through blood tests or other specific diagnostic methods, and AIDS [D], which requires HIV testing, the BMD test focuses specifically on bone density and is crucial for detecting osteoporosis, a common bone disorder particularly in older adults.
The answer is [C] Amla. It is useful in the treatment of scurvy due to its high Vitamin C content. Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C, and consuming foods rich in this vitamin can help alleviate symptoms and promote recovery. Amla, also known as Indian gooseberry, is one of the richest soRead more
The answer is [C] Amla. It is useful in the treatment of scurvy due to its high Vitamin C content. Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C, and consuming foods rich in this vitamin can help alleviate symptoms and promote recovery. Amla, also known as Indian gooseberry, is one of the richest sources of Vitamin C among fruits. Its consumption helps boost collagen production, repair damaged tissues, and strengthen the immune system. While mango [A], papaya [B], and plum [D] are nutritious fruits, they do not contain as much Vitamin C as Amla, making it particularly beneficial for treating scurvy.
Deficiency of Vitamin A causes [C] Night blindness. Vitamin A is crucial for maintaining healthy vision, particularly in low-light conditions. Its deficiency can lead to reduced ability to see in dim light, eventually progressing to night blindness. This occurs because Vitamin A is necessary for theRead more
Deficiency of Vitamin A causes [C] Night blindness. Vitamin A is crucial for maintaining healthy vision, particularly in low-light conditions. Its deficiency can lead to reduced ability to see in dim light, eventually progressing to night blindness. This occurs because Vitamin A is necessary for the synthesis of rhodopsin, a pigment in the retina that enables vision in low-light environments. Hair fall [A], dysentery [B], and weakness [D] are not typically associated with Vitamin A deficiency, although it can contribute to weakened immunity and overall health if severe and prolonged.
From what is L.S.D. obtained?
L.S.D. is obtained from fungi. It is synthesized from ergot alkaloids, which are naturally produced by certain species of fungi in the genus Claviceps. Ergot fungus infects grains like rye, and L.S.D. is derived from the lysergic acid compounds found in the fungus. This chemical synthesis involves sRead more
L.S.D. is obtained from fungi. It is synthesized from ergot alkaloids, which are naturally produced by certain species of fungi in the genus Claviceps. Ergot fungus infects grains like rye, and L.S.D. is derived from the lysergic acid compounds found in the fungus. This chemical synthesis involves several steps, including extraction, purification, and chemical modification of the ergot alkaloids to produce lysergic acid diethylamide (L.S.D.). The psychoactive effects of L.S.D. are attributed to its interaction with serotonin receptors in the brain, leading to alterations in perception, mood, and cognition. While L.S.D. has been historically used for its hallucinogenic properties, it is also a controlled substance due to its potential for abuse and adverse effects on mental health. Despite its recreational use, L.S.D. has also been studied for its potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the treatment of certain mental health disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
See lessWhat are broad spectrum antibiotics produced from?
Broad spectrum antibiotics are produced from Streptomyces. These bacteria are renowned for their ability to synthesize a wide array of antibiotics with broad activity against diverse bacterial species. Streptomyces antibiotics include well-known drugs such as streptomycin, tetracycline, and erythromRead more
Broad spectrum antibiotics are produced from Streptomyces. These bacteria are renowned for their ability to synthesize a wide array of antibiotics with broad activity against diverse bacterial species. Streptomyces antibiotics include well-known drugs such as streptomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin, which are used to treat various bacterial infections in clinical practice. The complex secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces exhibit diverse chemical structures and mechanisms of action, targeting essential bacterial processes such as protein synthesis, cell wall synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis. Due to their broad spectrum of activity, Streptomyces antibiotics are valuable therapeutic agents for treating infections caused by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, they play a crucial role in agriculture and biotechnology, contributing to the control of plant pathogens and the production of recombinant proteins. Overall, Streptomyces antibiotics are indispensable tools in modern medicine and biotechnology, offering effective treatment options for a wide range of bacterial diseases.
See lessWho isolated streptomycin?
Streptomycin was isolated by Waxman. It was discovered in 1943 by Selman Waksman and his team at Rutgers University. Their work involved screening soil microorganisms for antimicrobial activity, leading to the isolation of streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus. This groundbreaking discovery markedRead more
Streptomycin was isolated by Waxman. It was discovered in 1943 by Selman Waksman and his team at Rutgers University. Their work involved screening soil microorganisms for antimicrobial activity, leading to the isolation of streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus. This groundbreaking discovery marked a major advancement in the treatment of tuberculosis, as streptomycin became the first effective antibiotic against the disease. Waksman’s research on antibiotics earned him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1952, recognizing his contributions to medicine and microbiology. Streptomycin’s introduction revolutionized tuberculosis therapy, significantly reducing mortality rates associated with the disease. It also paved the way for the development of other antibiotics and antibiotics research, shaping the landscape of modern medicine. The discovery of streptomycin underscored the importance of natural products and microbial diversity in drug discovery, inspiring further exploration of microbial sources for novel therapeutic agents.
See lessWhat does Tikka disease occur in?
Tikka disease occurs in groundnut. It is caused by the fungus Cercospora arachidicola. This fungal pathogen infects groundnut plants, causing characteristic dark brown to black lesions on leaves, stems, and pods. Tikka disease can lead to reduced yields and quality in groundnut crops. The fungus surRead more
Tikka disease occurs in groundnut. It is caused by the fungus Cercospora arachidicola. This fungal pathogen infects groundnut plants, causing characteristic dark brown to black lesions on leaves, stems, and pods. Tikka disease can lead to reduced yields and quality in groundnut crops. The fungus survives in infected plant debris and soil, and its spores are spread by wind, rain, and mechanical means. Warm and humid conditions favor disease development, making it a significant concern in regions where groundnut is cultivated. Management strategies for Tikka disease include planting disease-resistant varieties, practicing crop rotation, removing and destroying infected plant debris, and applying fungicides as necessary. Integrated disease management approaches, including cultural, biological, and chemical control methods, are often employed to minimize the impact of Tikka disease on groundnut production and ensure the sustainability of groundnut cultivation in affected regions.
See lessAIDS is caused by
AIDS is caused by [D] Virus. Specifically, it is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which attacks the immune system, leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV primarily targets CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and increasing susceptibility to infections and certaRead more
AIDS is caused by [D] Virus. Specifically, it is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which attacks the immune system, leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV primarily targets CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and increasing susceptibility to infections and certain cancers. Unlike bacteria [A], fungi [B], or worms [C], which can cause various diseases, AIDS specifically results from HIV infection, transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) can manage HIV, but there is currently no cure, making prevention crucial in controlling the spread of the virus.
See lessPeople who drink heavy amounts of alcohol die
People who drink heavy amounts of alcohol often die due to [C] Cirrhosis. Prolonged alcohol consumption damages the liver, leading to cirrhosis, where scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue, impeding liver function and causing complications such as portal hypertension and liver failure. While alcRead more
People who drink heavy amounts of alcohol often die due to [C] Cirrhosis. Prolonged alcohol consumption damages the liver, leading to cirrhosis, where scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue, impeding liver function and causing complications such as portal hypertension and liver failure. While alcohol abuse can increase the risk of certain cancers, such as liver cancer [B], and cardiovascular issues, including cardiac arrest [D], cirrhosis remains one of the most significant health risks associated with heavy alcohol intake. Effective interventions to reduce alcohol consumption are crucial in preventing the development and progression of cirrhosis and related complications.
See lessSimple goiter is the disease affecting it
Simple goiter is the disease affecting the [D] Thyroid gland. It involves the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, typically due to iodine deficiency, which impairs thyroid hormone synthesis. This condition can lead to a visible swelling in the neck area, causing difficulty swallowing or breatRead more
Simple goiter is the disease affecting the [D] Thyroid gland. It involves the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, typically due to iodine deficiency, which impairs thyroid hormone synthesis. This condition can lead to a visible swelling in the neck area, causing difficulty swallowing or breathing. Simple goiter does not affect the gums [A], tear gland [B], or liver [C]. Adequate dietary iodine intake is crucial for preventing simple goiter, although other factors such as genetic predisposition or certain medications may also contribute to its development. Treatment may involve iodine supplementation or thyroid hormone replacement therapy.
See lessBMD test is done to identify
The BMD test is performed to identify [C] Osteoporosis. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) testing assesses the density and strength of bones, aiding in the diagnosis of osteoporosis, a condition characterized by low bone mass and increased fracture risk. It helps evaluate bone health and monitor response tRead more
The BMD test is performed to identify [C] Osteoporosis. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) testing assesses the density and strength of bones, aiding in the diagnosis of osteoporosis, a condition characterized by low bone mass and increased fracture risk. It helps evaluate bone health and monitor response to treatment. Unlike Dengue [A] and Malaria [B], which are diagnosed through blood tests or other specific diagnostic methods, and AIDS [D], which requires HIV testing, the BMD test focuses specifically on bone density and is crucial for detecting osteoporosis, a common bone disorder particularly in older adults.
See lessWhich of the following is useful in the treatment of scurvy?
The answer is [C] Amla. It is useful in the treatment of scurvy due to its high Vitamin C content. Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C, and consuming foods rich in this vitamin can help alleviate symptoms and promote recovery. Amla, also known as Indian gooseberry, is one of the richest soRead more
The answer is [C] Amla. It is useful in the treatment of scurvy due to its high Vitamin C content. Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C, and consuming foods rich in this vitamin can help alleviate symptoms and promote recovery. Amla, also known as Indian gooseberry, is one of the richest sources of Vitamin C among fruits. Its consumption helps boost collagen production, repair damaged tissues, and strengthen the immune system. While mango [A], papaya [B], and plum [D] are nutritious fruits, they do not contain as much Vitamin C as Amla, making it particularly beneficial for treating scurvy.
See lessDeficiency of Vitamin A causes
Deficiency of Vitamin A causes [C] Night blindness. Vitamin A is crucial for maintaining healthy vision, particularly in low-light conditions. Its deficiency can lead to reduced ability to see in dim light, eventually progressing to night blindness. This occurs because Vitamin A is necessary for theRead more
Deficiency of Vitamin A causes [C] Night blindness. Vitamin A is crucial for maintaining healthy vision, particularly in low-light conditions. Its deficiency can lead to reduced ability to see in dim light, eventually progressing to night blindness. This occurs because Vitamin A is necessary for the synthesis of rhodopsin, a pigment in the retina that enables vision in low-light environments. Hair fall [A], dysentery [B], and weakness [D] are not typically associated with Vitamin A deficiency, although it can contribute to weakened immunity and overall health if severe and prolonged.
See less