When the water on the surface of a lake is just about to freeze, the temperature of the water at the bottom of the lake will be 4°C. This is because water reaches its maximum density at 4°C and sinks ...
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When water freezes due to cold in winter, fishes and other aquatic organisms can survive because only the upper layer of water freezes. This insulating ice layer keeps the water below from freezing, maintaining a habitable environment.
The method of transmission of heat includes conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction occurs in solids, convection in fluids, and radiation through electromagnetic waves. Therefore, all three methods together describe how heat can be transmitted.
In conduction, particles of matter do not move on their own from one place to another. Instead, heat is transferred through direct contact between particles. The particles vibrate and transfer energy without significant movement.
Heat is primarily transferred in liquids and gases by convection. Convection involves the movement of fluid particles, carrying heat as they circulate. While conduction can occur to some extent, it is less efficient, and radiation plays a minor role.