The title of the Mahabharata in Persian is typically referred to as “Razmnama.” This title is used in the Persian translation of the Mahabharata by Abu’l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, a prominent minister in the court of the Mughal Emperor Akbar. “Razmnama” translates to “Book of War” in English, emphasizing the epic’s focus on the great Kurukshetra War and the conflict between the Pandavas and Kauravas.

The Persian translation of the Mahabharata is titled “Razmnama.” Translated by Abu’l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, a prominent figure in the Mughal court during Emperor Akbar’s reign, this rendition is a significant cultural bridge between Indian and Persian literary traditions. “Razmnama” translates to “Book of War,” underscoring the epic’s central theme—the Kurukshetra War.
The translation captures the intricate narratives of the Mahabharata, presenting the moral, philosophical, and martial aspects of the epic in Persian prose. Abu’l-Fazl’s work is marked by its stylistic richness, offering Persian-speaking audiences access to the profound wisdom, ethical dilemmas, and historical tales embedded in the Indian epic.
The choice of title reflects the translator’s emphasis on the military conflict, symbolizing the grand scale of the narrative. This Persian translation not only preserves the essence of the Mahabharata but also serves as a testament to the cross-cultural exchange and intellectual engagement between Persian and Indian civilizations during the Mughal era.

The epic “Kumarasambhavam” is written by the great Sanskrit poet Kalidasa.

“Kumarasambhavam,” a Sanskrit epic poem, intricately crafted by Kalidasa, narrates the divine union of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati’s daughter, Parvati. Comprising seventeen cantos, the poem unfolds the celestial events leading to the birth of their son, Kartikeya. Kalidasa masterfully employs poetic devices, vividly describing the seasons, landscapes, and emotions, creating a rich tapestry of imagery.
The narrative begins with gods’ concerns over the demon Tarakasura, prompting the divine birth of Kartikeya, the warrior god destined to vanquish him. The poem beautifully weaves together themes of love, sacrifice, and cosmic harmony. Kalidasa’s poetic brilliance is evident in the delicate balance of sensual and spiritual elements, showcasing the profound connection between the divine and earthly realms.
“Kumarasambhavam” is a timeless masterpiece that continues to captivate readers with its intricate verses, symbolizing the eternal dance of creation and the cyclical nature of life and love in the Hindu cosmology.

‘Rajatarangini’ is originally composed in Sanskrit. It is a historical chronicle written by the Kashmiri historian Kalhana, detailing the history of the Kashmir region from ancient times to the 12th century CE.

‘Rajatarangini,’ composed by the Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century, is a Sanskrit historical chronicle documenting the political and cultural history of the Kashmir Valley. Divided into eight books, it covers the reigns of various rulers, including legends and dynasties, up to Kalhana’s contemporary period.

Kalhana’s meticulous narrative style combines historical facts with poetic embellishments. The work provides insights into the political intrigues, cultural advancements, and social dynamics of Kashmir. Notable for its rich descriptions, ‘Rajatarangini’ also reflects Kalhana’s keen interest in the ethical and moral aspects of rulership.

While ‘Rajatarangini’ is a valuable historical source, its literary qualities contribute to its enduring appeal. It remains a significant work in both historical and literary contexts, portraying Kashmir as a vibrant center of cultural and political life in medieval India.

Rabindranath Tagore was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 for his collection of poems titled “Gitanjali” (“Song Offerings”). The Nobel Committee recognized Tagore for his profoundly sensitive, fresh, and beautiful verse, which made a lasting impact on literature. Tagore was the first Asian, and specifically the first Indian, to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. “Gitanjali” reflects Tagore’s spiritual and philosophical insights and has been translated into numerous languages, gaining international acclaim for its lyrical and profound expression of human experiences and the divine.

“Gita Rahasya,” also known as “Karmayog Shashtra,” is a philosophical commentary on the Bhagavad Gita, written by the Indian freedom fighter and social reformer Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Tilak completed this work in prison between 1911 and 1915. “Gita Rahasya” interprets the Gita in the context of selfless action and duty, emphasizing the moral and ethical dimensions of the teachings.

“Gita Rahasya,” written by Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, is a profound philosophical commentary on the Bhagavad Gita, a revered Hindu scripture. Published in 1915, Tilak’s work delves into the hidden meanings and deeper insights of the Gita’s teachings. He interprets the Gita in a way that emphasizes the importance of selfless action and duty (karma yoga) and the path to spiritual realization.

Tilak, a prominent freedom fighter and social reformer in India, used the Gita as a source of inspiration for the masses during the struggle for independence. In “Gita Rahasya,” he combines his deep understanding of ancient scriptures with a nationalist perspective, encouraging readers to embrace the ethical and moral principles found in the Gita to guide their actions and contribute to the well-being of society. The book reflects Tilak’s intellectual prowess and his commitment to integrating spiritual wisdom with practical aspects of life and social responsibility.