We know that for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the volume is given by V = nRT where V is the volume, n is the number of moles of the gas, R is the gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. Now, for a small change in temperature, the change in volume can be written as: dV = βV dT where βRead more
We know that for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the volume is given by
V = nRT
where V is the volume, n is the number of moles of the gas, R is the gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature.
Now, for a small change in temperature, the change in volume can be written as:
dV = βV dT
where β is the coefficient of cubical expansion and dT is the change in temperature.
From the equation of state, V = nRT, we have:
dV = nR dT
Comparing the two expressions for dV, we get:
βV = nR / V
Since V = nRT, we can substitute this into the above equation:
β = 1 / T
Therefore, the coefficient of cubical expansion β for an ideal gas at constant pressure is equal to the reciprocal of its absolute temperature.
The platinum resistance thermometer works on the principle that the electrical resistance of platinum is a changing function of temperature. The thermometer is a platinum wire whose resistance varies linearly with temperature. The resistance is measured using a Wheatstone bridge or other precise cirRead more
The platinum resistance thermometer works on the principle that the electrical resistance of platinum is a changing function of temperature.
The thermometer is a platinum wire whose resistance varies linearly with temperature. The resistance is measured using a Wheatstone bridge or other precise circuit. By calibrating the resistance at known temperatures, the thermometer can determine an unknown temperature. Platinum is used because of its stability, wide temperature range, and predictable resistance-temperature relationship.
A liquid thermometer is a type of thermometer that measures temperature through the expansion and contraction of a liquid in response to temperature changes. In general, the liquid is held within a sealed glass tube with a calibrated scale. Advantages of using mercury 1. It has a very high boiling pRead more
A liquid thermometer is a type of thermometer that measures temperature through the expansion and contraction of a liquid in response to temperature changes. In general, the liquid is held within a sealed glass tube with a calibrated scale.
Advantages of using mercury
1. It has a very high boiling point and a low freezing point; thus, it can measure a wide range of temperatures.
2. It does not wet the glass, hence ensuring accurate readings.
3. Mercury expands uniformly with temperature changes, so it is very accurate.
4. It is visible because of its shiny, metallic appearance.
Joule's Law of Equivalence between Work and Heat: It states that the amount of heat produced in a conductor due to an electric current is directly proportional to the square of the current (I), the resistance (R) of the conductor, and the time (t) for which the current flows. It can be represented mRead more
Joule’s Law of Equivalence between Work and Heat: It states that the amount of heat produced in a conductor due to an electric current is directly proportional to the square of the current (I), the resistance (R) of the conductor, and the time (t) for which the current flows. It can be represented mathematically as:
Q = I²Rt
This law also implies that work and heat are interchangeable, in other words, work done on a system can be converted into heat, and vice-versa.
### Mechanical Equivalent of Heat:
The **mechanical equivalent of heat** is the amount of mechanical work that has to be expended to produce a unit of heat. It is a measure of the relationship between mechanical energy (work) and thermal energy (heat). The most common unit used to express this is **Joules per calorie**.
It is defined as the amount of work (in Joules) required to produce 1 calorie of heat. The mechanical equivalent of heat is approximately:
1 calorie = 4.18 Joules
It means that to produce 1 calorie of heat, 4.18 Joules of mechanical work is required. This establishes the equivalence between mechanical energy and heat energy.
The triple point of water is the temperature and pressure at which water coexists in all three phases: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (vapor). It happens at a temperature of 0.01°C and a pressure of 611.657 pascals. At that point, the substance is in balance among all the three phases. AdvantaRead more
The triple point of water is the temperature and pressure at which water coexists in all three phases: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (vapor). It happens at a temperature of 0.01°C and a pressure of 611.657 pascals. At that point, the substance is in balance among all the three phases.
Advantage of Taking Triple Point of Water as the Fixed Point for a Temperature Scale:
A particular advantage that makes the use of the triple point of water a fixed reference in a temperature scale is because it gives precise and reproducible values. When it occurs at specified conditions regarding both temperature and pressure, there exists a certain level of stability as a reference in defining various temperature scales, hence bringing out high accuracies in this process. With these conditions satisfied, it tends to give very similar measurements from anywhere in the world.
The absolute zero is defined as the temperature at which particles theoretically stop their motion. The definition of absolute zero is 0 K on the Kelvin scale. Absolute zero equals -273.15°C or -459.67°F. The Absolute Scale of Temperature is a temperature scale where zero is the absolute zero point.Read more
The absolute zero is defined as the temperature at which particles theoretically stop their motion. The definition of absolute zero is 0 K on the Kelvin scale. Absolute zero equals -273.15°C or -459.67°F.
The Absolute Scale of Temperature is a temperature scale where zero is the absolute zero point. The most widely used absolute scale is the Kelvin scale, which expresses temperatures relative to absolute zero. In contrast to Celsius or Fahrenheit, the Kelvin scale does not contain negative values.
The statement "heat is the energy in transit" states that heat refers to the flow of energy from one system or body to another due to a difference in temperature. It is not held energy but moved energy where there is a temperature gradient between objects. The transfer continues until thermal equiliRead more
The statement “heat is the energy in transit” states that heat refers to the flow of energy from one system or body to another due to a difference in temperature. It is not held energy but moved energy where there is a temperature gradient between objects. The transfer continues until thermal equilibrium is attained.
Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. It tells how hot or cold an object is and determines the direction of heat flow. Heat flows from a body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature until thermal equilibrium is achieved. Click here for informations:Read more
Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. It tells how hot or cold an object is and determines the direction of heat flow. Heat flows from a body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature until thermal equilibrium is achieved.
1. Heat is the energy transferred between systems because of a temperature difference, and temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. 2. Heat is measured in joules (J) or calories, while temperature is measured in Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), or Kelvin (KRead more
1. Heat is the energy transferred between systems because of a temperature difference, and temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.
2. Heat is measured in joules (J) or calories, while temperature is measured in Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), or Kelvin (K).
3. Heat depends on mass, type of material, and temperature change while temperature is independent of mass.
4. Heat can be transferred through conduction, convection, or radiation while temperature determines the direction of heat flow.
5. Heat causes a change in the internal energy or state of a substance while temperature measures the intensity of heat within the substance.
A liquid thermometer is a liquid-in-glass thermometer that makes use of the expansion or contraction of a liquid to measure temperature. The most liquid used in thermometers are mercury and alcohol. The change in the rise in volume of the liquid used in the thermometer owing to the rise in the tempeRead more
A liquid thermometer is a liquid-in-glass thermometer that makes use of the expansion or contraction of a liquid to measure temperature. The most liquid used in thermometers are mercury and alcohol. The change in the rise in volume of the liquid used in the thermometer owing to the rise in the temperature is scaled on a calibrated scale to indicate temperature.
Advantages of using mercury as a thermometric substance over other liquids:
1. High Boiling Point: Mercury boils at a relatively high temperature of around 356°C. This characteristic makes it suitable for measuring high temperatures without evaporating.
2. Uniform Expansion: Mercury expands uniformly with temperature change, thus ensuring accurate readings.
3. Good Visibility: Mercury has a shiny metallic appearance, which is also easy to see, especially in the very narrow capillary tube of a thermometer.
4. Mercury is not volatile and hence non-volatile which makes it non-evaporate at room temperatures; this stability allows its longevity.
5. It possesses great thermal conductivity so gives rapid temperature variation reading
6. Non-reaction mercury. The nature is such that chemical reaction is slow or hard which makes sure the chemical interaction between substances is hard or slower due to inert.
Although these have several advantages, mercury thermometers are less commonly used today because of environmental and health concerns related to mercury toxicity.
Show that the coefficient of cubical expansion of an ideal gas at constant pressure is equal to the reciprocal of its absolute temperature.
We know that for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the volume is given by V = nRT where V is the volume, n is the number of moles of the gas, R is the gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. Now, for a small change in temperature, the change in volume can be written as: dV = βV dT where βRead more
We know that for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the volume is given by
V = nRT
where V is the volume, n is the number of moles of the gas, R is the gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature.
Now, for a small change in temperature, the change in volume can be written as:
dV = βV dT
where β is the coefficient of cubical expansion and dT is the change in temperature.
From the equation of state, V = nRT, we have:
dV = nR dT
Comparing the two expressions for dV, we get:
βV = nR / V
Since V = nRT, we can substitute this into the above equation:
β = 1 / T
Therefore, the coefficient of cubical expansion β for an ideal gas at constant pressure is equal to the reciprocal of its absolute temperature.
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Describe the working principle of a platinum resistance thermometer.
The platinum resistance thermometer works on the principle that the electrical resistance of platinum is a changing function of temperature. The thermometer is a platinum wire whose resistance varies linearly with temperature. The resistance is measured using a Wheatstone bridge or other precise cirRead more
The platinum resistance thermometer works on the principle that the electrical resistance of platinum is a changing function of temperature.
The thermometer is a platinum wire whose resistance varies linearly with temperature. The resistance is measured using a Wheatstone bridge or other precise circuit. By calibrating the resistance at known temperatures, the thermometer can determine an unknown temperature. Platinum is used because of its stability, wide temperature range, and predictable resistance-temperature relationship.
Click here:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/physics/chapter-10/
What is a liquid thermometer ? What are the advantages of using mercury as a thermometric substance over liquids?
A liquid thermometer is a type of thermometer that measures temperature through the expansion and contraction of a liquid in response to temperature changes. In general, the liquid is held within a sealed glass tube with a calibrated scale. Advantages of using mercury 1. It has a very high boiling pRead more
A liquid thermometer is a type of thermometer that measures temperature through the expansion and contraction of a liquid in response to temperature changes. In general, the liquid is held within a sealed glass tube with a calibrated scale.
Advantages of using mercury
1. It has a very high boiling point and a low freezing point; thus, it can measure a wide range of temperatures.
2. It does not wet the glass, hence ensuring accurate readings.
3. Mercury expands uniformly with temperature changes, so it is very accurate.
4. It is visible because of its shiny, metallic appearance.
Click for more info:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/physics/chapter-10/
State Joule’s law of equivalence between work and heat. Hence define mechanical equivalent of heat.
Joule's Law of Equivalence between Work and Heat: It states that the amount of heat produced in a conductor due to an electric current is directly proportional to the square of the current (I), the resistance (R) of the conductor, and the time (t) for which the current flows. It can be represented mRead more
Joule’s Law of Equivalence between Work and Heat: It states that the amount of heat produced in a conductor due to an electric current is directly proportional to the square of the current (I), the resistance (R) of the conductor, and the time (t) for which the current flows. It can be represented mathematically as:
Q = I²Rt
This law also implies that work and heat are interchangeable, in other words, work done on a system can be converted into heat, and vice-versa.
### Mechanical Equivalent of Heat:
The **mechanical equivalent of heat** is the amount of mechanical work that has to be expended to produce a unit of heat. It is a measure of the relationship between mechanical energy (work) and thermal energy (heat). The most common unit used to express this is **Joules per calorie**.
It is defined as the amount of work (in Joules) required to produce 1 calorie of heat. The mechanical equivalent of heat is approximately:
1 calorie = 4.18 Joules
It means that to produce 1 calorie of heat, 4.18 Joules of mechanical work is required. This establishes the equivalence between mechanical energy and heat energy.
Click here for more:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/physics/chapter-10/
What is meant by triple point of water? What is the advantage of taking triple point of water as the fixed point for a temperature scale?
The triple point of water is the temperature and pressure at which water coexists in all three phases: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (vapor). It happens at a temperature of 0.01°C and a pressure of 611.657 pascals. At that point, the substance is in balance among all the three phases. AdvantaRead more
The triple point of water is the temperature and pressure at which water coexists in all three phases: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (vapor). It happens at a temperature of 0.01°C and a pressure of 611.657 pascals. At that point, the substance is in balance among all the three phases.
Advantage of Taking Triple Point of Water as the Fixed Point for a Temperature Scale:
A particular advantage that makes the use of the triple point of water a fixed reference in a temperature scale is because it gives precise and reproducible values. When it occurs at specified conditions regarding both temperature and pressure, there exists a certain level of stability as a reference in defining various temperature scales, hence bringing out high accuracies in this process. With these conditions satisfied, it tends to give very similar measurements from anywhere in the world.
Click here for more:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/physics/chapter-10/
What do you mean by absolute zero and absolute scale of temperature?
The absolute zero is defined as the temperature at which particles theoretically stop their motion. The definition of absolute zero is 0 K on the Kelvin scale. Absolute zero equals -273.15°C or -459.67°F. The Absolute Scale of Temperature is a temperature scale where zero is the absolute zero point.Read more
The absolute zero is defined as the temperature at which particles theoretically stop their motion. The definition of absolute zero is 0 K on the Kelvin scale. Absolute zero equals -273.15°C or -459.67°F.
The Absolute Scale of Temperature is a temperature scale where zero is the absolute zero point. The most widely used absolute scale is the Kelvin scale, which expresses temperatures relative to absolute zero. In contrast to Celsius or Fahrenheit, the Kelvin scale does not contain negative values.
CheckOut for more details:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/physics/chapter-10/
What is meant by the statement that heat is the energy in transit?
The statement "heat is the energy in transit" states that heat refers to the flow of energy from one system or body to another due to a difference in temperature. It is not held energy but moved energy where there is a temperature gradient between objects. The transfer continues until thermal equiliRead more
The statement “heat is the energy in transit” states that heat refers to the flow of energy from one system or body to another due to a difference in temperature. It is not held energy but moved energy where there is a temperature gradient between objects. The transfer continues until thermal equilibrium is attained.
See more:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/physics/chapter-10/
Explain the concept of temperature.
Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. It tells how hot or cold an object is and determines the direction of heat flow. Heat flows from a body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature until thermal equilibrium is achieved. Click here for informations:Read more
Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. It tells how hot or cold an object is and determines the direction of heat flow. Heat flows from a body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature until thermal equilibrium is achieved.
Click here for informations:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/physics/chapter-10/
Give some points of differences between heat and temperature.
1. Heat is the energy transferred between systems because of a temperature difference, and temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. 2. Heat is measured in joules (J) or calories, while temperature is measured in Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), or Kelvin (KRead more
1. Heat is the energy transferred between systems because of a temperature difference, and temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.
2. Heat is measured in joules (J) or calories, while temperature is measured in Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), or Kelvin (K).
3. Heat depends on mass, type of material, and temperature change while temperature is independent of mass.
4. Heat can be transferred through conduction, convection, or radiation while temperature determines the direction of heat flow.
5. Heat causes a change in the internal energy or state of a substance while temperature measures the intensity of heat within the substance.
Click here for more:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/physics/chapter-10/
What is a liquid thermometer ? What are the advantages of using mercury as a thermometric substance over other liquids?
A liquid thermometer is a liquid-in-glass thermometer that makes use of the expansion or contraction of a liquid to measure temperature. The most liquid used in thermometers are mercury and alcohol. The change in the rise in volume of the liquid used in the thermometer owing to the rise in the tempeRead more
A liquid thermometer is a liquid-in-glass thermometer that makes use of the expansion or contraction of a liquid to measure temperature. The most liquid used in thermometers are mercury and alcohol. The change in the rise in volume of the liquid used in the thermometer owing to the rise in the temperature is scaled on a calibrated scale to indicate temperature.
Advantages of using mercury as a thermometric substance over other liquids:
1. High Boiling Point: Mercury boils at a relatively high temperature of around 356°C. This characteristic makes it suitable for measuring high temperatures without evaporating.
2. Uniform Expansion: Mercury expands uniformly with temperature change, thus ensuring accurate readings.
3. Good Visibility: Mercury has a shiny metallic appearance, which is also easy to see, especially in the very narrow capillary tube of a thermometer.
4. Mercury is not volatile and hence non-volatile which makes it non-evaporate at room temperatures; this stability allows its longevity.
5. It possesses great thermal conductivity so gives rapid temperature variation reading
6. Non-reaction mercury. The nature is such that chemical reaction is slow or hard which makes sure the chemical interaction between substances is hard or slower due to inert.
Although these have several advantages, mercury thermometers are less commonly used today because of environmental and health concerns related to mercury toxicity.
Click for more:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/physics/chapter-10/