(a) Greenhouse gases:- The greenhouse effect refers to an overall increase in the average temperature of the Earth due to the presence of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases mainly consist of carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapour. When solar radiations reach the Earth, some of these radiations arRead more
(a) Greenhouse gases:- The greenhouse effect refers to an overall increase in the average temperature of the Earth due to the presence of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases mainly consist of carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapour. When solar radiations reach the Earth, some of these radiations are absorbed. These absorbed radiations are released back into the atmosphere. These radiations are trapped by the greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere.. This helps in keeping our planet warm and thus, helps in human survival. However, an increase in the amount of greenhouse gases can lead to an excessive increase in the Earth’s temperature, thereby causing global warming.
(b) Catalytic converter:- Catalytic converters are devices fitted in automobiles to reduce vehicular pollution. These devices contain expensive metals such as platinum, palladium, and rhodium that act as catalysts. As the vehicular discharge passes through the catalytic converter, the unburnt hydrocarbons present in it get converted into carbon dioxide and water. Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide released by catalytic converters are converted into carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas (respectively).
(c) Ultraviolet-B:- Ultraviolet-B is an electromagnetic radiation which has a shorter wavelength than visible light. It is a harmful radiation that comes from sunlight and penetrates through the ozone hole onto the Earth’s surface. It induces many health hazards in humans. UV −B damages DNA and activates the process of skin ageing. It also causes skin darkening and skin cancer. High levels of UV −B cause corneal cataract in human beings.
Delhi has been categorized as the fourth most polluted city of the world in a list of 41 cities. Burning of fossil fuels has added to the pollution of air in Delhi. Various steps have been taken to improve the quality of air in Delhi. 1. Introduction of CNG (Compressed Natural Gas): By the order ofRead more
Delhi has been categorized as the fourth most polluted city of the world in a list of 41 cities. Burning of fossil fuels has added to the pollution of air in Delhi.
Various steps have been taken to improve the quality of air in Delhi.
1. Introduction of CNG (Compressed Natural Gas): By the order of the supreme court of India, CNG-powered vehicles were introduced at the end of year 2006 to reduce the levels of pollution in Delhi. CNG is a clean fuel that produces very little unburnt particles.
2. Phasing out of old vehicles
3. Use of unleaded petrol
4. Use of low-sulphur petrol and diesel
5. Use of catalytic converters
6. Application of stringent pollution-level norms for vehicles
7. Implementation of Bharat stage I, which is equivalent to euro II norms in vehicles of major Indian cities.
The introduction of CNG-powered vehicles has improved Delhi’s air quality, which has led to a substantial fall in the level of CO₂ and SO₂. However, the problem of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and respiratory suspended particulate matter (RSPM) still persists.
(a) Radioactive wastes:- Radioactive wastes are generated during the process of generating nuclear energy from radioactive materials. Nuclear waste is rich in radioactive materials that generate large quantities of ionizing radiations such as gamma rays. These rays cause mutation in organisms, whichRead more
(a) Radioactive wastes:- Radioactive wastes are generated during the process of generating nuclear energy from radioactive materials. Nuclear waste is rich in radioactive materials that generate large quantities of ionizing radiations such as gamma rays. These rays cause mutation in organisms, which often results in skin cancer. At high dosage, these rays can be lethal.
Safe disposal of radioactive wastes is a big challenge. It is recommended that nuclear wastes should be stored after pre-treatment in suitable shielded containers, which should then be buried in rocks.
(b) Defunct ships and e-wastes:- Defunct ships are dead ships that are no longer in use. Such ships are broken down for scrap metal in countries such as India and Pakistan. These ships are a source of various toxicants such as asbestos, lead, mercury etc. Thus, they contribute to solid wastes that are hazardous to health.
E-wastes or electronic wastes generally include electronic goods such as computers etc. Such wastes are rich in metals such as copper, iron, silicon, gold etc. These metals are highly toxic and pose serious health hazards. People of developing countries are involved in the recycling process of these metals and therefore, get exposed to toxic substances present in these wastes.
(c) Municipal solid wastes:- Municipal solid wastes are generated from schools, offices, homes, and stores. It is generally rich in glass, metal, paper waste, food, rubber, leather, and textiles. The open dumps of municipal wastes serve as a breeding ground for flies, mosquitoes, and other disease-causing microbes. Hence, it is necessary to dispose municipal solid waste properly to prevent the spreading of diseases. Sanitary landfills and incineration are the methods for the safe disposal of solid wastes.
The following initiatives can be taken to prevent environmental pollution: Measures for preventing Air pollution:- 1. Planting more trees 2. Use of clean and renewable energy sources such as CNG and bio-fuels 3. Reducing the use of fossil fuels 4. Use of catalytic converters in automobiles MeasuresRead more
The following initiatives can be taken to prevent environmental pollution:
Measures for preventing Air pollution:-
1. Planting more trees
2. Use of clean and renewable energy sources such as CNG and bio-fuels
3. Reducing the use of fossil fuels
4. Use of catalytic converters in automobiles
Measures for preventing water pollution:-
1. Optimizing the use of water
2. Using kitchen waste water in gardening and other household purposes
Measures for controlling Noise pollution:-
1. Avoid burning crackers on Diwali
2. Plantation of more trees
Measures for decreasing solid waste generation:-
1. Segregation of waste.
2. Recycling and reuse of plastic and paper. Reducing the use of plastics.
3. Composting of biodegradable kitchen waste.
Women and communities have played a major role in environmental conservation movements. 1. Case study of the bishnoi community :- The Bishnoi community in Rajasthan strictly believes in the concept of living peacefully with nature. In 1731, the king of Jodhpur ordered his ministers to arrange wood fRead more
Women and communities have played a major role in environmental conservation movements.
1. Case study of the bishnoi community :- The Bishnoi community in Rajasthan strictly believes in the concept of living peacefully with nature. In 1731, the king of Jodhpur ordered his ministers to arrange wood for the construction of his new palace. For this purpose, the minister and the workers went to bishnoi village. There, a Bishnoi woman called Amrita Devi along with her daughter and hundreds of other Bishnois showed the courage to step forward and stop them from cutting trees. They embraced the trees and lost their lives at the hands of soldiers of the king. This resistance by the people of the village forced the king to give up the idea of cutting trees.
2. Chipko movement: The Chipko movement was started in 1974 in the Garhwal region of the Himalayas. In this movement, the women from the village stopped the contractors from cutting forest trees by embracing them.
Discuss briefly the following: (a) Greenhouse gases (b) Catalytic converter (c) Ultraviolet B
(a) Greenhouse gases:- The greenhouse effect refers to an overall increase in the average temperature of the Earth due to the presence of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases mainly consist of carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapour. When solar radiations reach the Earth, some of these radiations arRead more
(a) Greenhouse gases:- The greenhouse effect refers to an overall increase in the average temperature of the Earth due to the presence of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases mainly consist of carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapour. When solar radiations reach the Earth, some of these radiations are absorbed. These absorbed radiations are released back into the atmosphere. These radiations are trapped by the greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere.. This helps in keeping our planet warm and thus, helps in human survival. However, an increase in the amount of greenhouse gases can lead to an excessive increase in the Earth’s temperature, thereby causing global warming.
(b) Catalytic converter:- Catalytic converters are devices fitted in automobiles to reduce vehicular pollution. These devices contain expensive metals such as platinum, palladium, and rhodium that act as catalysts. As the vehicular discharge passes through the catalytic converter, the unburnt hydrocarbons present in it get converted into carbon dioxide and water. Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide released by catalytic converters are converted into carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas (respectively).
(c) Ultraviolet-B:- Ultraviolet-B is an electromagnetic radiation which has a shorter wavelength than visible light. It is a harmful radiation that comes from sunlight and penetrates through the ozone hole onto the Earth’s surface. It induces many health hazards in humans. UV −B damages DNA and activates the process of skin ageing. It also causes skin darkening and skin cancer. High levels of UV −B cause corneal cataract in human beings.
For more answers visit to website:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-12/biology/chapter-16/
What initiatives were taken for reducing vehicular air pollution in Delhi? Has air quality improved in Delhi?
Delhi has been categorized as the fourth most polluted city of the world in a list of 41 cities. Burning of fossil fuels has added to the pollution of air in Delhi. Various steps have been taken to improve the quality of air in Delhi. 1. Introduction of CNG (Compressed Natural Gas): By the order ofRead more
Delhi has been categorized as the fourth most polluted city of the world in a list of 41 cities. Burning of fossil fuels has added to the pollution of air in Delhi.
Various steps have been taken to improve the quality of air in Delhi.
1. Introduction of CNG (Compressed Natural Gas): By the order of the supreme court of India, CNG-powered vehicles were introduced at the end of year 2006 to reduce the levels of pollution in Delhi. CNG is a clean fuel that produces very little unburnt particles.
2. Phasing out of old vehicles
3. Use of unleaded petrol
4. Use of low-sulphur petrol and diesel
5. Use of catalytic converters
6. Application of stringent pollution-level norms for vehicles
7. Implementation of Bharat stage I, which is equivalent to euro II norms in vehicles of major Indian cities.
The introduction of CNG-powered vehicles has improved Delhi’s air quality, which has led to a substantial fall in the level of CO₂ and SO₂. However, the problem of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and respiratory suspended particulate matter (RSPM) still persists.
For more answers visit to website:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-12/biology/chapter-16/
Discuss briefly the following: (a) Radioactive wastes (b) Defunct ships and e-wastes (c) Municipal solid wastes
(a) Radioactive wastes:- Radioactive wastes are generated during the process of generating nuclear energy from radioactive materials. Nuclear waste is rich in radioactive materials that generate large quantities of ionizing radiations such as gamma rays. These rays cause mutation in organisms, whichRead more
(a) Radioactive wastes:- Radioactive wastes are generated during the process of generating nuclear energy from radioactive materials. Nuclear waste is rich in radioactive materials that generate large quantities of ionizing radiations such as gamma rays. These rays cause mutation in organisms, which often results in skin cancer. At high dosage, these rays can be lethal.
Safe disposal of radioactive wastes is a big challenge. It is recommended that nuclear wastes should be stored after pre-treatment in suitable shielded containers, which should then be buried in rocks.
(b) Defunct ships and e-wastes:- Defunct ships are dead ships that are no longer in use. Such ships are broken down for scrap metal in countries such as India and Pakistan. These ships are a source of various toxicants such as asbestos, lead, mercury etc. Thus, they contribute to solid wastes that are hazardous to health.
E-wastes or electronic wastes generally include electronic goods such as computers etc. Such wastes are rich in metals such as copper, iron, silicon, gold etc. These metals are highly toxic and pose serious health hazards. People of developing countries are involved in the recycling process of these metals and therefore, get exposed to toxic substances present in these wastes.
(c) Municipal solid wastes:- Municipal solid wastes are generated from schools, offices, homes, and stores. It is generally rich in glass, metal, paper waste, food, rubber, leather, and textiles. The open dumps of municipal wastes serve as a breeding ground for flies, mosquitoes, and other disease-causing microbes. Hence, it is necessary to dispose municipal solid waste properly to prevent the spreading of diseases. Sanitary landfills and incineration are the methods for the safe disposal of solid wastes.
For more answers visit to website:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-12/biology/chapter-16/
What measures, as an individual, you would take to reduce environmental pollution?
The following initiatives can be taken to prevent environmental pollution: Measures for preventing Air pollution:- 1. Planting more trees 2. Use of clean and renewable energy sources such as CNG and bio-fuels 3. Reducing the use of fossil fuels 4. Use of catalytic converters in automobiles MeasuresRead more
The following initiatives can be taken to prevent environmental pollution:
Measures for preventing Air pollution:-
1. Planting more trees
2. Use of clean and renewable energy sources such as CNG and bio-fuels
3. Reducing the use of fossil fuels
4. Use of catalytic converters in automobiles
Measures for preventing water pollution:-
1. Optimizing the use of water
2. Using kitchen waste water in gardening and other household purposes
Measures for controlling Noise pollution:-
1. Avoid burning crackers on Diwali
2. Plantation of more trees
Measures for decreasing solid waste generation:-
1. Segregation of waste.
2. Recycling and reuse of plastic and paper. Reducing the use of plastics.
3. Composting of biodegradable kitchen waste.
For more answers visit to website:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-12/biology/chapter-16/
Discuss the role of women and communities in protection and conservation of forests.
Women and communities have played a major role in environmental conservation movements. 1. Case study of the bishnoi community :- The Bishnoi community in Rajasthan strictly believes in the concept of living peacefully with nature. In 1731, the king of Jodhpur ordered his ministers to arrange wood fRead more
Women and communities have played a major role in environmental conservation movements.
1. Case study of the bishnoi community :- The Bishnoi community in Rajasthan strictly believes in the concept of living peacefully with nature. In 1731, the king of Jodhpur ordered his ministers to arrange wood for the construction of his new palace. For this purpose, the minister and the workers went to bishnoi village. There, a Bishnoi woman called Amrita Devi along with her daughter and hundreds of other Bishnois showed the courage to step forward and stop them from cutting trees. They embraced the trees and lost their lives at the hands of soldiers of the king. This resistance by the people of the village forced the king to give up the idea of cutting trees.
2. Chipko movement: The Chipko movement was started in 1974 in the Garhwal region of the Himalayas. In this movement, the women from the village stopped the contractors from cutting forest trees by embracing them.
For more answers visit to website:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-12/biology/chapter-16/