Harappan trade involved the exchange of goods both within the civilization and with regions beyond. The Harappans traded items like beads, pottery, metals, and precious stones, as well as agricultural products like grain. They traded with distant places like Mesopotamia, ...

The Harappans domesticated several animals to support their agricultural and daily life. They kept cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, and pigs for their milk, meat, and hides. The Harappans also domesticated dogs for companionship and security. Evidence suggests they used oxen ...

The Harappans used simple yet effective tools for farming, made primarily of wood and stone. They employed plows to till the land, and evidence suggests these plows were often drawn by oxen. Harappans also used sickles with wooden handles and ...

The Harappans were skilled agriculturists who cultivated a variety of crops. They grew wheat, barley, and peas as staple crops. Rice cultivation has also been found at later Harappan sites. In addition, they cultivated cotton, making them one of the ...

Harappan settlements were significantly influenced by natural boundaries. The Indus and its tributaries provided fertile plains for agriculture, while the Thar Desert to the east acted as a barrier, shaping trade and movement. The Himalayan and other mountain ranges to ...