Haloalkanes have halogen atoms attached to the sp³ hybridized carbon atom of an alkyl group, while haloarenes have halogen atoms attached to sp² hybridized carbon atom(s) of an aryl group.

Chloramphenicol is a chlorine-containing antibiotic produced by microorganisms and is effective for the treatment of typhoid fever.

In d⁴ (Cr²⁺, Mn³⁺), d⁵ (Mn²⁺, Fe³⁺), and d⁶ (Fe²⁺, Co³⁺) cases, a vacant pair of d orbitals for octahedral hybridization is achieved by pairing 3d electrons, resulting in two, one, and zero unpaired electrons, respectively.

Metal ions like Ti³⁺ (d¹), V³⁺ (d²), Cr³⁺ (d³) exhibit similar magnetic behavior in both free ions and coordination entities as two vacant d orbitals are available for octahedral hybridization with 4s and 4p orbitals.

The magnetic moment of coordination compounds is determined through magnetic susceptibility experiments, providing insights into the number of unpaired electrons and the structures adopted by metal complexes.