1. (i) In the 1970s, food security was understood as the "availability at all times of adequate supply of basic food-stuffs". (ii) Amartya Sen added a new dimension to food security and emphasised the "access" to food through "entitlements" - a combination of "what one can produce, exchange in the markRead more

    (i) In the 1970s, food security was understood as the “availability at all times of adequate supply of basic food-stuffs”.
    (ii) Amartya Sen added a new dimension to food security and emphasised the “access” to food through “entitlements” – a combination of “what one can produce, exchange in the market along with state or other socially provided supplies. Thus, there has been a substantial shift in the understanding of food security.
    (iii) The 1995 World Food Summit declared, “Food security at the individual, household, regional, national and global levels exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary need and food preferences for an active and healthy life” (FAO, 1996, p.3). The declaration further recognises that “poverty eradication is essential to improve access to food,’.

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  2. The main features of the Public Distribution System are as follows: (i) Public distribution is the most important step towards ensuring food security. (ii) Up to 1992, its coverage was universal with no discrimination between the poor and the non-poor. (iii) In 1992, Revamped Public Distribution SysRead more

    The main features of the Public Distribution System are as follows:
    (i) Public distribution is the most important step towards ensuring food security.
    (ii) Up to 1992, its coverage was universal with no discrimination between the poor and the non-poor.
    (iii) In 1992, Revamped Public Distribution System was introduced in 1,700 blocks in the country. The target was to provide the benefits of PDS to remote and backward areas.
    (iv) From June 1997, Targeted Public Distribution System was introduced to adopt the principle of targeting the “poor in all areas”.
    (v) It was for the first time that a differential price policy was adopted for poor and nonpoor.
    (vi) In 2000, two special schemes were launched viz., Antyodaya Anna Yojana and the Annapurna Scheme with special target groups of “poorest of the poor” and “indigent senior citizens”, respectively. Tire functioning of these two schemes was linked with the existing network of the PDS.

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  3. (l) In Maharashtra, it has facilitate<l a network of NGOs for setting-up Grain Banks in different regions. (ii) It organises training and capacity building programmes on food security for NGOs. (iii) ADS efforts to -set Grain Banks to facilitate replication through other NGOs and to influence theRead more

    (l) In Maharashtra, it has facilitate<l a network of NGOs for setting-up Grain Banks in different regions.
    (ii) It organises training and capacity building programmes on food security for NGOs.
    (iii) ADS efforts to -set Grain Banks to facilitate replication through other NGOs and to influence the Government's policy on food security are thus paying rich dividends. The ADS Grain Bank programme is acknowledged as a successful and innovative food security intervention.

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  4. (a) The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government regulated ration shops among the poorer section of the society. This is called the Public Distribution System (PDS). (b) Fair Price Shops: (i) There are about 4.6 lakh ration shops or fair price shops all over the country (ii) TheseRead more

    (a) The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government regulated ration shops among the poorer section of the society. This is called the Public Distribution System (PDS).
    (b) Fair Price Shops: (i) There are about 4.6 lakh ration shops or fair price shops all over the country
    (ii) These are present in most of the localities, villages, towns and cities.
    (iii) These shops keep stock of food grains, sugar, kerosene oil for cooking.
    (iv) The various items mentioned above are sold to people at a price lower than the market price.
    (v) Any family with a ration card can buy a stipulated amount of these items, (e.g. 35 kg of grains, 5 ltrs kerosene etc.) every month from tire nearby ration shop.

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  5. (a) A famine is characterised by widespread deaths due to starvation and epidemics caused by forced use of contaminated water or decaying food and loss of body resistance due to weakening from starvation. (b) (i) The famine of Bengal in 1943 killed thirty-lakh people. (ii) The agricultural labourersRead more

    (a) A famine is characterised by widespread deaths due to starvation and epidemics
    caused by forced use of contaminated water or decaying food and loss of body resistance due to weakening from starvation.
    (b) (i) The famine of Bengal in 1943 killed thirty-lakh people.
    (ii) The agricultural labourers, fishermen, transport workers and other casual labourers were affected the most by dramatically increasing price of rice.
    (iii) They were the ones who died in this famine.

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