(i) Many communities left their traditional occupations and started trading in forest products. (ii) This happened not only in India but across the world. For example, with the growing demand for rubber in the mid-19th century, the Mundurucu people of Brazilian Amazon who lived in villages on high gRead more
(i) Many communities left their traditional occupations and started trading in forest products.
(ii) This happened not only in India but across the world. For example, with
the growing demand for rubber in the mid-19th century, the Mundurucu people of Brazilian Amazon who lived in villages on high ground, began to collect latex from wild rubber trees for supplying to traders.
(iii) Gradually, they descended to live in trading ports and became completely dependent on traders.
(i) The new forest laws changed the lives of forest dwellers in yet another way. (ii) Before the forest laws, many people who lived in or near forests had survived by hunting deer, partridges and a variety of small animals. (iii) This customary practice was prohibited by the forest laws. Those who wRead more
(i) The new forest laws changed the lives of forest dwellers in yet another way.
(ii) Before the forest laws, many people who lived in or near forests had survived by hunting deer, partridges and a variety of small animals.
(iii) This customary practice was prohibited by the forest laws. Those who were caught hunting were now punished for poaching
(i) British needed forests in order to build ships and railways. (ii) They were worried that the use of forests by local people and the reckless felling of trees by traders would destroy forests. (iii) So, they decided to invite a German expert, Dietrich Brandis, for advice and made him the first InRead more
(i) British needed forests in order to build ships and railways.
(ii) They were worried that the use of forests by local people and the reckless felling of trees by traders would destroy forests.
(iii) So, they decided to invite a German expert, Dietrich Brandis, for advice and made him the first Inspector General of Forests in India.
(i) As early as the 1850s, in the Madras Presidency alone 35,000 trees were being cut annually for sleepers. (ii) The government gave out contracts to individuals to supply, the required quantities. (iii) These contractors began cutting trees indiscriminately. Forests around the railway tracks startRead more
(i) As early as the 1850s, in the Madras Presidency alone 35,000 trees were being cut annually for sleepers.
(ii) The government gave out contracts to individuals to supply, the required quantities.
(iii) These contractors began cutting trees indiscriminately. Forests around the railway tracks started disappearing fast.
(i) In India, the forest department cut trees freely to meet British war needs. (ii) In Java, before the Japanese occupied the region, the Dutch followed 'a scorched Earth policy', by destroying sawmills and burning huge piles of teaks logs, so that it would not fall into the hands of Japanese. (iiiRead more
(i) In India, the forest department cut trees freely to meet British war needs.
(ii) In Java, before the Japanese occupied the region, the Dutch followed ‘a scorched Earth policy’, by destroying sawmills and burning huge piles of teaks logs, so that it would not fall into the hands of Japanese.
(iii) The Japanese also exploited the forests recklessly for their own war’ industries and forced villagers to cut down forests.
(i) Surontiko Samin of a teak forest village began questioning state ownership of forests. (ii) He argued that the state had not created the wind, water, Earth and wood, so it could not own it. (iii) Soon, he organised a widespread movement with the support of his sons-in-law and other families in hRead more
(i) Surontiko Samin of a teak forest village began questioning state ownership of forests.
(ii) He argued that the state had not created the wind, water, Earth and wood, so it could not own it.
(iii) Soon, he organised a widespread movement with the support of his sons-in-law and other families in his village.
Some Saminists protested by lying down on their land when the Dutch came to survey it, while others refused to pay taxes or fines or perform labour.
(i) The Dutch first imposed rents on land being cultivated in the forest and then exempted some villages from paying these rents, if they provided free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber. (ii) This system was known as Blandongdiensten system. (iii) Later, instead of rent exemptRead more
(i) The Dutch first imposed rents on land being cultivated in the forest and then exempted some villages from paying these rents, if they provided free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber.
(ii) This system was known as Blandongdiensten system.
(iii) Later, instead of rent exemption forest villagers were given small wages, but their right to cultivate forest land Was restricted.
(i) The Dutch enacted forest laws in Java to restrict villagers' access to forests. (ii) Now wood cutting was done only for specific purposes like making boats, constructing houses under close supervision, etc. (iii) Villagers were punished for grazing cattle, transporting wood without a. permit orRead more
(i) The Dutch enacted forest laws in Java to restrict villagers’ access to forests.
(ii) Now wood cutting was done only for specific purposes like making boats, constructing houses under close supervision, etc.
(iii) Villagers were punished for grazing cattle, transporting wood without a. permit or travelling through forests with horse carts or cattle.
(i) The Kalangs ofJava were skilled forest cutters and they practised shifting cultivation. (ii) They were so valuable that when the kingdom of Java split, the Kalang families were equally divided between two kingdoms. (iii) Without them, it was difficult to harvest teak and build kings' palaces. (iRead more
(i) The Kalangs ofJava were skilled forest cutters and they practised shifting cultivation.
(ii) They were so valuable that when the kingdom of Java split, the Kalang families were equally divided between two kingdoms.
(iii) Without them, it was difficult to harvest teak and build kings’ palaces.
(iv) The Dutch tried to make the Kalangs work under them.
(v) In 1770, the Kalangs resisted by attacking a Dutch fort but they were suppressed.
Ans. (i) The British sent troops to suppress the rebellion. (ii) The adivasi leaders tried to negotiate but the British surrounded their camps and fired on them. (iii) Then they marched through the villages flogging and punishing those who had taken part in the rebellion. (iv) Most villages were desRead more
Ans. (i) The British sent troops to suppress the rebellion.
(ii) The adivasi leaders tried to negotiate but the British surrounded their camps and fired on them.
(iii) Then they marched through the villages flogging and punishing those who had taken part in the rebellion.
(iv) Most villages were deserted as people fled into the jungle out of fear.
(v) The British could regain control over Bastar people in three months.
How were people benefitted with the trade in forest products?
(i) Many communities left their traditional occupations and started trading in forest products. (ii) This happened not only in India but across the world. For example, with the growing demand for rubber in the mid-19th century, the Mundurucu people of Brazilian Amazon who lived in villages on high gRead more
(i) Many communities left their traditional occupations and started trading in forest products.
See less(ii) This happened not only in India but across the world. For example, with
the growing demand for rubber in the mid-19th century, the Mundurucu people of Brazilian Amazon who lived in villages on high ground, began to collect latex from wild rubber trees for supplying to traders.
(iii) Gradually, they descended to live in trading ports and became completely dependent on traders.
How forest dwellers’ lives changed after new forest laws were imposed?
(i) The new forest laws changed the lives of forest dwellers in yet another way. (ii) Before the forest laws, many people who lived in or near forests had survived by hunting deer, partridges and a variety of small animals. (iii) This customary practice was prohibited by the forest laws. Those who wRead more
(i) The new forest laws changed the lives of forest dwellers in yet another way.
See less(ii) Before the forest laws, many people who lived in or near forests had survived by hunting deer, partridges and a variety of small animals.
(iii) This customary practice was prohibited by the forest laws. Those who were caught hunting were now punished for poaching
Why did the British appoint the first Inspector General of Forests in India?
(i) British needed forests in order to build ships and railways. (ii) They were worried that the use of forests by local people and the reckless felling of trees by traders would destroy forests. (iii) So, they decided to invite a German expert, Dietrich Brandis, for advice and made him the first InRead more
(i) British needed forests in order to build ships and railways.
See less(ii) They were worried that the use of forests by local people and the reckless felling of trees by traders would destroy forests.
(iii) So, they decided to invite a German expert, Dietrich Brandis, for advice and made him the first Inspector General of Forests in India.
What was the effect of laying down of railway lines on forests?
(i) As early as the 1850s, in the Madras Presidency alone 35,000 trees were being cut annually for sleepers. (ii) The government gave out contracts to individuals to supply, the required quantities. (iii) These contractors began cutting trees indiscriminately. Forests around the railway tracks startRead more
(i) As early as the 1850s, in the Madras Presidency alone 35,000 trees were being cut annually for sleepers.
See less(ii) The government gave out contracts to individuals to supply, the required quantities.
(iii) These contractors began cutting trees indiscriminately. Forests around the railway tracks started disappearing fast.
What was the impact of World Wars on the forests?
(i) In India, the forest department cut trees freely to meet British war needs. (ii) In Java, before the Japanese occupied the region, the Dutch followed 'a scorched Earth policy', by destroying sawmills and burning huge piles of teaks logs, so that it would not fall into the hands of Japanese. (iiiRead more
(i) In India, the forest department cut trees freely to meet British war needs.
See less(ii) In Java, before the Japanese occupied the region, the Dutch followed ‘a scorched Earth policy’, by destroying sawmills and burning huge piles of teaks logs, so that it would not fall into the hands of Japanese.
(iii) The Japanese also exploited the forests recklessly for their own war’ industries and forced villagers to cut down forests.
What do you know about Samin’s challenqe?
(i) Surontiko Samin of a teak forest village began questioning state ownership of forests. (ii) He argued that the state had not created the wind, water, Earth and wood, so it could not own it. (iii) Soon, he organised a widespread movement with the support of his sons-in-law and other families in hRead more
(i) Surontiko Samin of a teak forest village began questioning state ownership of forests.
See less(ii) He argued that the state had not created the wind, water, Earth and wood, so it could not own it.
(iii) Soon, he organised a widespread movement with the support of his sons-in-law and other families in his village.
Some Saminists protested by lying down on their land when the Dutch came to survey it, while others refused to pay taxes or fines or perform labour.
What was the Blandongdiensten system?
(i) The Dutch first imposed rents on land being cultivated in the forest and then exempted some villages from paying these rents, if they provided free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber. (ii) This system was known as Blandongdiensten system. (iii) Later, instead of rent exemptRead more
(i) The Dutch first imposed rents on land being cultivated in the forest and then exempted some villages from paying these rents, if they provided free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber.
See less(ii) This system was known as Blandongdiensten system.
(iii) Later, instead of rent exemption forest villagers were given small wages, but their right to cultivate forest land Was restricted.
How were forest laws enacted in Java?
(i) The Dutch enacted forest laws in Java to restrict villagers' access to forests. (ii) Now wood cutting was done only for specific purposes like making boats, constructing houses under close supervision, etc. (iii) Villagers were punished for grazing cattle, transporting wood without a. permit orRead more
(i) The Dutch enacted forest laws in Java to restrict villagers’ access to forests.
See less(ii) Now wood cutting was done only for specific purposes like making boats, constructing houses under close supervision, etc.
(iii) Villagers were punished for grazing cattle, transporting wood without a. permit or travelling through forests with horse carts or cattle.
Give a brief description about the woodcutter community of Java-the Kalangs.
(i) The Kalangs ofJava were skilled forest cutters and they practised shifting cultivation. (ii) They were so valuable that when the kingdom of Java split, the Kalang families were equally divided between two kingdoms. (iii) Without them, it was difficult to harvest teak and build kings' palaces. (iRead more
(i) The Kalangs ofJava were skilled forest cutters and they practised shifting cultivation.
See less(ii) They were so valuable that when the kingdom of Java split, the Kalang families were equally divided between two kingdoms.
(iii) Without them, it was difficult to harvest teak and build kings’ palaces.
(iv) The Dutch tried to make the Kalangs work under them.
(v) In 1770, the Kalangs resisted by attacking a Dutch fort but they were suppressed.
How did the British suppress the revolt of Bastar?
Ans. (i) The British sent troops to suppress the rebellion. (ii) The adivasi leaders tried to negotiate but the British surrounded their camps and fired on them. (iii) Then they marched through the villages flogging and punishing those who had taken part in the rebellion. (iv) Most villages were desRead more
Ans. (i) The British sent troops to suppress the rebellion.
See less(ii) The adivasi leaders tried to negotiate but the British surrounded their camps and fired on them.
(iii) Then they marched through the villages flogging and punishing those who had taken part in the rebellion.
(iv) Most villages were deserted as people fled into the jungle out of fear.
(v) The British could regain control over Bastar people in three months.