The symmetry of para-isomers allows for a better fit in the crystal lattice, resulting in higher melting points compared to their ortho- and meta-isomers.

Boiling points of alkyl halides decrease in the order: RI > RBr > RCl > RF. This trend is attributed to the increase in size and mass of the halogen atom, leading to stronger van der Waals forces.

Halogen derivatives have greater polarity and higher molecular mass compared to parent hydrocarbons, resulting in stronger intermolecular forces of attraction (dipole-dipole and van der Waals). This leads to higher boiling points in chlorides, bromides, and iodides compared to hydrocarbons of ...

Fluoro compounds are not prepared by electrophilic substitution due to the high reactivity of fluorine. Reactions with iodine are reversible, and the presence of an oxidizing agent (HNO₃, HIO₄) is needed to oxidize the HI formed during iodination, making the ...

Sandmeyer’s reaction involves treating a primary aromatic amine with sodium nitrite in cold aqueous mineral acid to form a diazonium salt. Mixing the diazonium salt with cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide replaces the diazonium group by –Cl or –Br. For ...