Aldehydes and ketones are reduced to alcohols by catalytic hydrogenation, employing finely divided metals like platinum, palladium, or nickel as catalysts. Alternatively, sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) or lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH₄) can be used.

In hydroboration–oxidation, borane adds to the double bond with the boron atom attaching to the sp² carbon carrying more hydrogen atoms, contrary to Markovnikov’s rule. The reaction yields excellent alcohol formation.

Hydroboration–oxidation involves the reaction of alkenes with diborane to form trialkyl boranes, which are then oxidized to alcohols by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide. This process contradicts Markovnikov’s rule as the boron atom attaches to the ...

The use of DDT was banned in the United States in 1973. DDT’s chemical stability, fat solubility, and slow metabolism in animals led to its accumulation in fatty tissues, causing environmental concerns and contributing to its ban in the U.S., ...

DDT’s global use increased significantly after World War II due to its effectiveness against malaria-spreading mosquitoes and typhus-carrying lice. However, problems emerged in the late 1940s, including the development of insect resistance and high toxicity towards fish.